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. 2021 May 5;29(6):1022–1035. doi: 10.1002/oby.23130

TABLE 2.

Demographic, anthropometric, and behavioral outcomes by wave and trial arm

Intervention communities Control communities Difference in change (Int. vs. Control) Difference in change (Int. vs. Control) Wave × group interaction P
2015 2017 2019 2015 2017 2019 2017 vs. 2015 2019 vs. 2015
N Estimate (95% CI) N Estimate (95% CI) N Estimate (95% CI) N Estimate (95% CI) N Estimate (95% CI) N Estimate (95% CI) Estimate (95% CI) P Estimate (95% CI) P
Demographic data
Age, y (mean) 970 9.6 (9.5 to 9.8) 1,030 9.9 (9.7 to 10.0) 878 9.8 (9.7 to 10.0) 820 9.8 (9.6 to 9.9) 1,370 9.9 (9.7 to 10.0) 1,259 9.8 (9.7 to 10.0) 0.15 (−0.06to 0.37) 0.169 0.13 (−0.09to 0.36) 0.236 0.345
English language at home (%) 568 93.4 (89.9 to 96.9) 696 93.8 (91.5 to 96.1) 583 96.3 (94.8 to 97.7) 541 94.6 (93.1 to 96.0) 928 92.5 (90.6 to 94.3) 830 93.9 (92.2‐95.6) 2.5 (−1.4 to 6.5) 0.207 3.5 (−0.2 to 7.3) 0.065 0.178
Student SEIFA score (grade 4 & grade 6) (mean) 588 972 (962 to 983) 1,026 972 (962 to 983) 872 973 (962 to 983) 540 984 (972 to 995) 1,363 982 (970 to 994) 1,249 982 (971‐994) 1.7 (−1.6 to 5.0) 0.319 1.4 (−2.1 to 4.6) 0.471 0.607
Anthropometric outcomes
BMIz (WHO) 966 0.64 (0.52 to 0.76) 993 0.55 (0.44 to 0.67) 868 0.74 (0.62 to 0.86) 815 0.60 (0.46 to 0.73) 1,329 0.60 (0.48 to 0.73) 1,228 0.60 (0.48‐0.72) ‐0.09 (−0.24 to 0.06) 0.217 0.10 (−0.06 to 0.25) 0.219 0.031
Overweight and obesity (%) 966 35.5 (31.6 to 39.4) 993 31.5 (27.4 to 35.6) b 868 40.4 (35.8 to 45.0) b 815 34.3 (29.5 to 39.2) 1,329 32.9 (29.0 to 36.7) 1,228 34.7 (30.8‐38.7) ‐2.5 (−7.2 to 2.2) 0.297 4.5 (−0.5 to 9.4) 0.079 0.006
Behavioral outcomes
Met PA guideline, 5 days (%) 594 32.1 (24.8 to 39.4) 700 36.7 (30.2 to 43.3) 587 40.3 (32.2 to 48.4) a 544 33.4 (25.3 to 41.6) 930 33.7 (26.3 to 41.1) 831 37.0 (30.1‐43.9) 4.4 (−5.7 to 14.4) 0.396 4.6 (−5.5 to 14.8) 0.371 0.632
Met sedentary guideline, 5 days (%) 564 82.9 (77.5 to 88.4) 661 81.4 (76.9 to 85.9) 584 79.7 (74.7 to 84.6) 539 83.1 (77.6 to 88.6) 893 82.9 (78.6 to 87.2) 829 78.4 (73.6 to 83.2) ‐1.3 (−8.2 to 5.5) 0.701 1.4 (−6.5 to 9.4) 0.722 0.658
Active transport to or from school (%) 593 25.3 (17.0 to 33.5) 699 27.9 (22.9 to 32.8) 587 23.0 (17.3 to 28.7) 544 28.1 (19.2 to 37.0) 931 30.3 (21.5 to 39.1) 831 25.8 (18.4 to 33.3) 0.4 (−6.5 to 7.4) 0.903 0.0 (−9.0 to 9.0) 0.999 0.987
Met vegetable guideline (%) 588 19.2 (15.2‐ 23.2) 695 18.9 (15.8 to 22.1) 585 17.4 (14.4 to 20.4) 541 19.8 (15.3 to 24.4) 921 18.6 (14.1 to 23.2) 824 18.9 (15.1 to 22.7) 0.9 (−5.1 to 7.0) 0.764 −1.0 (−6.4 to 4.5) 0.730 0.733
Met fruit guideline (%) 580 72.9 (68.8 to 77.0) 675 77.5 (74.3 to 80.8) a 588 73.2 (69.0 to 77.4) 538 76.4 (71.3 to 81.5) 909 76.9 (72.4 to 81.4) 831 80.0 (76.2 to 83.9) 4.2 (−3.5 to 11.9) 0.290 ‐3.3 (−11.3 to 4.7) 0.415 0.038
Takeaway (less than once a week) (%) 593 87.9 (84.1 to 91.7) 696 87.6 (84.7 to 90.5) 588 88.8 (85.9 to 91.8) 545 91.1 (87.5 to 94.6) 930 91.0 (88.0 to 94.0) 830 86.0 (82.6 to 89.4) a ‐0.2 (−5.2 to 4.8) 0.942 6.0 (0.5 to 11.6) 0.034 0.006
Packaged snacks (≤1 times/d) (%) 582 69.9 (65.5 to 74.3) 655 73.2 (69.9 to 76.6) 588 74.1 (70.1 to 78.1) 530 76.2 (71.3 to 81.1) 861 75.1 (70.0 to 80.2) 831 73.6 (69.4 to 77.9) 4.4 (−3.7 to 12.5) 0.290 6.7 (−0.9 to 14.4) 0.085 0.227
Water ≥ 5 glasses/d (%) 538 56.6 (50.6 to 62.6) 625 61.7 (56.2 to 67.2) 590 55.7 (50.4 to 61.0) 486 60.6 (53.9 to 67.3) 803 56.8 (50.1 to 63.4) 831 53.7 (48.2 to 59.1) 8.9 (−0.1 to 18.0) 0.054 6.1 (−3.3 to 15.4) 0.204 0.140
SSB ≤ 1/d (%) 593 82.8 (78.8 to 86.8) 693 86.2 (81.9 to 90.6) 588 84.2 (79.9 to 88.6) 542 83.7 (78.7 to 88.6) 927 85.6 (81.2 to 90.1) 829 88.6 (84.6 to 92.6) 1.4 (−4.3 to 7.1) 0.619 −3.5 (−10.5 to 3.4) 0.318 0.189
HRQoL
HRQoL psychosocial score 565 75.6 (73.4 to 77.9) 677 74.7 (72.7 to 76.7) 578 73.8 (71.7 to 76.0) 530 78.4 (76.0 to 80.8) 903 75.4 (73.2 to 77.6) b 821 73.6 (71.5 to 75.8) c 2.0 (−0.53 to 4.53) 0.122 2.9 (0.4 to 5.5) 0.026 0.079
HRQoL physical score 576 83.0 (81.0 to 84.9) 687 84.0 (82.3 to 85.8) 586 82.6 (80.7 to 84.5) 537 86.2 (84.1 to 88.4) 913 84.4 (82.5 to 86.3) b 830 82.7 (80.8 to 84.6) c 2.87 (0.34 to 5.39) 0.026 3.1 (0.5 to 5.7) 0.019 0.036
HRQoL global score 564 78.3 (76.4 to 80.3) 673 78.0 (76.2 to 79.8) 576 76.9 (75.0 to 78.8) 530 81.3 (79.1 to 83.4) 901 78.7 (76.7 to 80.6) b 821 76.9 (74.9 to 78.8) c 2.28 (0.00 to 4.57) 0.050 3.0 (0.6 to 5.3) 0.012 0.036
a

P < 0.05.

b

P < 0.01.

c

P < 0.001.

Boldface indicates significant difference within trial group between 2015 and 2017 or 2015 and 2019. Estimates are based on generalized mixed models (logit link, binary distribution, compound symmetry covariance matrix) or linear mixed models with school as a random effect. All models included time, group, and their interaction. Models for outcomes additionally included school type and Index of Community Socio‐Educational Advantage tertile. Behavioral and HRQoL outcomes only collected in grade‐four and grade‐six children.

HRQoL, Health‐Related Quality of Life; Int., intervention; PA, physical activity; SEIFA, Socio‐Economic Indexes For Areas; SSB, sugar‐sweetened beverage; WHO, World Health Organization.