TABLE 3.
Demographic, anthropometric, and outcomes by gender, wave, and trial arm
| Intervention communities | Control communities | Difference in change (Int. vs. Control | Difference in change (Int. vs. Control) | Wave × group interaction P | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 2017 | 2019 | 2015 | 2017 | 2019 | 2017 vs. 2015 | 2019 vs. 2015 | ||||||||||
| N | Estimate (95% CI) | N | Estimate (95% CI) | N | Estimate (95% CI) | N | Estimate (95% CI) | N | Estimate (95% CI) | N | Estimate (95% CI) | Estimate (95% CI) | P | Estimate (95% CI) | P | ||
| Girls | |||||||||||||||||
| Demographic data | |||||||||||||||||
| Age, y (mean) | 470 | 9.6 (9.4 to 9.8) | 493 | 9.8 (9.6 to 10.0) a | 421 | 9.8 (9.6 to 10.0) | 409 | 9.9 (9.7 to 10.1) | 680 | 9.9 (9.7 to 10.1) | 579 | 9.8 (9.7 to 10.0) | 0.20 (−0.11 to 0.51) | 0.206 | 0.23 (−0.08 to 0.55) | 0.149 | 0.305 |
| English language at home (%) | 279 | 93.5 (90.3 to 96.8) | 332 | 93.3 (90.3 to 96.4) | 277 | 97.7 (95.9 to 99.5) a | 288 | 95.6 (93.9 to 97.3) | 463 | 93.3 (90.8 to 95.8) a | 388 | 96.5 (95.2 to 97.9) | 2.1 (−2.3 to 6.5) | 0.351 | 3.3 (−1.1 to 7.6) | 0.142 | 0.339 |
| Student ICSEA score (grade four and grade six) (mean) | 288 | 974 (963 to 984) | 487 | 974 (963 to 984) | 420 | 973 (963 to 984) | 285 | 986 (974 to 998) | 674 | 983 (971 to 995) | 575 | 984 (972 to 996) | 2.4 (−2.2 to 7.0) | 0.299 | 1.8 (−3.0 to 6.5) | 0.467 | 0.582 |
| Anthropometric outcomes | |||||||||||||||||
| BMIz (WHO) | 470 | 0.69 (0.54 to 0.84) | 477 | 0.57 (0.43 to 0.71) | 416 | 0.72 (0.58 to 0.86) | 405 | 0.59 (0.43 to 0.75) | 660 | 0.64 (0.50 to 0.78) | 571 | 0.63 (0.49 to 0.78) | −0.16 (−0.36 to 0.04) | 0.118 | −0.01 (−0.22 to 0.20) | 0.930 | 0.190 |
| Overweight and obesity (%) | 470 | 39.2 (34.5 to 43.8) | 477 | 35.3 (30.1 to 40.4) | 416 | 41.7 (36.5 to 47.0) | 405 | 37.7 (31.9 to 43.5) | 660 | 37.0 (33.0 to 41.1) | 571 | 37.9 (32.5 to 43.3) | −3.2 (−11.3 to 4.8) | 0.432 | 2.4 (−6.1 to 10.8) | 0.582 | 0.420 |
| Behavioral outcomes | |||||||||||||||||
| Met PA guideline, 5 days (%) | 291 | 23.7 (14.1 to 33.2) | 335 | 31.7 (24.3 to 39.2) | 279 | 31.5 (21.8 to 41.1) | 287 | 23.2 (14.2 to 32.2) | 464 | 29.5 (19.9 to 39.0) | 388 | 31.0 (22.9 to 39.2) | 1.8 (−12.8 to 16.4) | 0.809 | −0.1 (−13.1 to 13.0) | 0.993 | 0.953 |
| Met sedentary guideline, 5 days (%) | 282 | 86.5 (82.1 to 90.8) | 320 | 86.4 (82.2 to 90.6) | 277 | 82.2 (77.6 to 86.9) | 285 | 87.0 (82.3 to 91.7) | 439 | 87.9 (83.7 to 92.0) | 388 | 83.2 (78.7 to 87.7) | −0.9 (−8.5 to 6.8) | 0.824 | −0.4 (−8.5 to 7.7) | 0.922 | 0.973 |
| Active transport to or from school (%) | 292 | 24.8 (14.8 to 34.8) | 335 | 27.8 (21.5 to 34.1) | 279 | 20.5 (16.0 to 25.0) | 288 | 32.4 (22.3 to 42.5) | 464 | 37.0 (27.6 to 46.4) | 388 | 28.0 (19.2 to 36.8) | −1.6 (−10.7 to 7.6) | 0.739 | 0.1 (−10.3 to 10.5) | 0.983 | 0.872 |
| Met vegetable guideline (%) | 291 | 23.1 (17.9 to 28.4) | 334 | 20.1 (15.5 to 24.6) | 279 | 19.9 (15.6 to 24.2) | 287 | 20.4 (14.0 to 26.8) | 463 | 19.3 (13.3 to 25.2) | 388 | 18.8 (13.8 to 23.8) | −2.0 (−9.4 to 5.4) | 0.601 | −1.6 (−10 to 6.7) | 0.701 | 0.870 |
| Met fruit guideline (%) | 287 | 77.8 (72.0 to 83.5) | 323 | 85.9 (81.1 to 90.8) a | 279 | 76.6 (71.8 to 81.5) | 284 | 82.4 (75.2 to 89.7) | 453 | 82.1 (76.6 to 87.5) | 388 | 84.0 (79.2 to 88.8) | 8.6 (−2.4 to 19.6) | 0.127 | −2.7 (−12.7 to 7.4) | 0.600 | 0.001 |
| Takeaway (less than once a week) (%) | 292 | 90.7 (86.7 to 94.6) | 333 | 91.1 (87.8 to 94.3) | 279 | 91.7 (87.7 to 95.6) | 288 | 93.6 (89.4 to 97.7) | 463 | 93.9 (90.5 to 97.2) | 388 | 90.5 (86.8 to 94.3) | 0.1 (−5.4 to 5.5) | 0.978 | 4.1 (−2.7 to 10.8) | 0.238 | 0.311 |
| Packaged snacks (≤1 times/d) (%) | 288 | 71.9 (67.0 to 76.9) | 313 | 74.3 (69.0 to 79.7) | 279 | 75.1 (69.7 to 80.4) | 283 | 75.8 (69.0 to 82.5) | 429 | 80.8 (74.7 to 86.9) | 388 | 78.7 (73.2 to 84.2) | −2.6 (−12.5 to 7.2) | 0.603 | 0.2 (−9.7 to 10.0) | 0.975 | 0.820 |
| Water ≥5 glasses/d (%) | 269 | 52.9 (45.5 to 60.3) | 299 | 67.4 (60.4 to 74.4) a | 281 | 59.1 (52.7 to 65.4) | 255 | 60.7 (51.3 to 70.1) | 391 | 57.1 (47.4 to 66.9) | 388 | 55.0 (48.8 to 61.3) | 18.1 (4.3 to 31.8) | 0.010 | 11.8 (1.0 to 22.7) | 0.033 | 0.019 |
| SSB ≤1/d (%) | 291 | 83.1 (77.6 to 88.5) | 331 | 87.9 (83.8 to 92.0) a | 279 | 86.0 (81.1 to 90.9) | 285 | 87.7 (82.3 to 93.1) | 463 | 89.9 (85.8 to 94.1) | 386 | 90.5 (86.4 to 94.7) | 2.7 (−3.5 to 8.8) | 0.394 | 0.1 (−8.6 to 8.8) | 0.980 | 0.561 |
| HRQoL | |||||||||||||||||
| HRQoL psychosocial score | 275 | 77.4 (74.7 to 80.1) | 329 | 77.2 (74.7 to 79.6) | 274 | 75.0 (72.4 to 77.6) | 285 | 80.9 (78.0 to 83.7) | 454 | 77.3 (74.7 to 79.9) b | 383 | 75.8 (73.2 to 78.4) c | 3.4 (−0.1 to 6.8) | 0.055 | 2.6 (−0.9 to 6.2) | 0.148 | 0.144 |
| HRQoL physical score | 281 | 85.5 (83.0 to 88.0) | 333 | 85.8 (83.5 to 88.1) | 279 | 83.1 (80.7 to 85.5) | 288 | 88.0 (85.3 to 90.6) | 457 | 85.8 (83.4 to 88.2) | 388 | 83.6 (81.2 to 86.0) c | 2.5 (−0.9 to 5.8) | 0.154 | 2.0 (−1.5 to 5.4) | 0.272 | 0.340 |
| HRQoL global score | 274 | 80.3 (77.9 to 82.7) | 329 | 80.3 (78.1 to 82.4) | 272 | 77.9 (75.6 to 80.2) a | 285 | 83.5 (81.0 to 86.0) | 453 | 80.3 (78.0 to 82.6) b | 383 | 78.6 (76.3 to 80.9) c | 3.1 (0.0 to 6.2) | 0.049 | 2.4 (−0.8 to 5.7) | 0.136 | 0.129 |
| Boys | |||||||||||||||||
| Demographic data | |||||||||||||||||
| Age, y (mean) | 499 | 9.7 (9.5 to 9.8) | 540 | 9.9 (9.8 to 10.1) a | 454 | 9.9 (9.7 to 10.0) | 411 | 9.7 (9.5 to 9.9) | 690 | 9.9 (9.7 to 10.0) | 673 | 9.9 (9.7 to 10.0) | 0.09 (−0.21 to 0.38) | 0.565 | 0.05 (−0.25 to 0.35) | 0.738 | 0.848 |
| English language at home (%) | 289 | 93.3 (88.6 to 98.1) | 364 | 94.3 (91.8 to 96.8) | 303 | 95.5 (93.7 to 97.3) | 253 | 93.4 (90.9 to 95.9) | 465 | 91.6 (88.4 to 94.9) | 435 | 91.3 (88.0 to 94.7) | 2.8 (−3.0 to 8.6) | 0.344 | 4.3 (−1.5 to 10.1) | 0.148 | 0.350 |
| Student SEIFA score (grade four and grade six) (mean) | 300 | 972 (961 to 982) | 542 | 972 (961 to 982) | 449 | 972 (962 to 983) | 255 | 981 (969 to 994) | 689 | 981 (969 to 993) | 667 | 982 (970 to 994) | 0.5 (−4.2 to 5.3) | 0.831 | 0.1 (−4.7 to 5.0) | 0.959 | 0.970 |
| Anthropometric outcomes | |||||||||||||||||
| BMIz (WHO) | 496 | 0.59 (0.42 to 0.77) | 516 | 0.54 (0.38 to 0.70) | 452 | 0.77 (0.60 to 0.94) a | 410 | 0.60 (0.40 to 0.79) | 669 | 0.58 (0.40 to 0.75) | 657 | 0.58 (0.40 to 0.75) | −0.03 (−0.25 to 0.19) | 0.782 | 0.2 (−0.02 to 0.42) | 0.077 | 0.062 |
| Overweight and obesity (%) | 496 | 32.7 (27.4 to 38.0) | 516 | 28.9 (23.7 to 34.2) | 452 | 40.1 (33.8 to 46.4) b | 410 | 31.1 (24.9 to 37.3) | 669 | 29.2 (24.1 to 34.3) | 657 | 32.1 (27.1 to 37.1) | −1.9 (−8.1 to 4.3) | 0.546 | 6.4 (−0.9 to 13.7) | 0.088 | 0.045 |
| Behavioral outcomes | |||||||||||||||||
| Met PA guideline, 5 days (%) | 303 | 41.1 (32.9 to 49.3) | 365 | 41.6 (33.7 to 49.6) | 305 | 49.2 (41.1 to 57.3) a | 257 | 45.7 (33.9 to 57.5) | 466 | 38.7 (29 to 48.4) | 436 | 42.8 (34.5 to 51.2) | 7.5 (−6.0 to 20.9) | 0.276 | 10.9 (−3.6 to 25.4) | 0.142 | 0.340 |
| Met sedentary guideline, 5 days (%) | 282 | 79.0 (70.7 to 87.2) | 341 | 77.0 (70.3 to 83.7) | 304 | 76.9 (70.5 to 83.4) | 254 | 78.0 (69.7 to 86.3) | 454 | 78.4 (72 to 84.8) | 435 | 74.5 (67.6 to 81.4) | −2.4 (−11.4 to 6.7) | 0.607 | 1.4 (−9.2 to 12.1) | 0.793 | 0.637 |
| Active transport to or from school (%) | 301 | 26.7 (18.2 to 35.1) | 364 | 28.0 (21.7 to 34.3) | 305 | 26.2 (18.2 to 34.1) | 256 | 25.2 (14.3 to 36.1) | 467 | 26.4 (15.9 to 36.8) | 436 | 25.0 (16.8 to 33.2) | 0.2 (−9.1 to 9.5) | 0.972 | −0.3 (−10.0 to 9.4) | 0.953 | 0.996 |
| Met vegetable guideline (%) | 297 | 16.5 (11.7 to 21.3) | 361 | 18.1 (13.7 to 22.5) | 303 | 15.5 (12.0 to 19.0) | 254 | 21.2 (17.6 to 24.8) | 458 | 20.0 (15.5 to 24.5) | 429 | 21.4 (17.6 to 25.2) | 2.8 (−4.7 to 10.4) | 0.464 | −1.2 (−7.0 to 4.6) | 0.677 | 0.503 |
| Met fruit guideline (%) | 293 | 69.6 (64.1 to 75.0) | 352 | 70.0 (66.3 to 73.7) | 306 | 70.1 (63.4 to 76.8) | 254 | 71.5 (65.5 to 77.5) | 456 | 74.1 (69.5 to 78.8) | 436 | 78.8 (73.8 to 83.8) a | −2.2 (−10.7 to 6.4) | 0.617 | −6.8 (−18.8 to 5.2) | 0.264 | 0.503 |
| Takeaway (less than once a week) (%) | 301 | 85.0 (79.8 to 90.2) | 363 | 85.1 (82.0 to 88.1) | 306 | 87.3 (83.8 to 90.7) | 257 | 88.8 (84.3 to 93.3) | 467 | 88.7 (85.8 to 91.5) | 435 | 82.7 (78.8 to 86.6) a | 0.2 (−6.2 to 6.6) | 0.951 | 8.4 (0.1 to 16.7) | 0.047 | 0.012 |
| Packaged snacks (≤1 times/d) (%) | 294 | 67.9 (61.4 to 74.3) | 342 | 72.6 (67.9 to 77.2) a | 306 | 73.1 (67.7 to 78.4) b | 247 | 76.4 (71.5 to 81.4) | 432 | 69.7 (64.2 to 75.3) a | 436 | 69.4 (64.2 to 74.7) a | 11.4 (1.3 to 21.5) | 0.027 | 12.2 (3.5 to 20.9) | 0.006 | 0.015 |
| Water ≥5 glasses/d (%) | 269 | 60.1 (52.2 to 68.0) | 326 | 56.3 (49.6 to 63.0) | 306 | 52.1 (45.4 to 58.8) | 231 | 60.3 (52.0 to 68.5) | 412 | 56.2 (50.2 to 62.3) | 436 | 52.4 (45.3 to 59.5) | 0.2 (−10.3 to 10.8) | 0.966 | −0.1 (−13.8 to 13.6) | 0.987 | 0.997 |
| SSB ≤1/d (%) | 302 | 82.5 (77.3 to 87.7) | 362 | 85.2 (79.1 to 91.3) | 306 | 82.5 (77.6 to 87.3) | 257 | 79.5 (72.4 to 86.6) | 464 | 81.7 (76.4 to 87.0) | 436 | 87.2 (82.4 to 92) a | 0.5 (−8.7 to 9.7) | 0.915 | −7.7 (−17.0 to 1.6) | 0.105 | 0.087 |
| HRQoL | |||||||||||||||||
| HRQoL psychosocial score | 290 | 74.2 (71.4 to 77.0) | 348 | 72.8 (70.3 to 75.3) | 301 | 73.2 (70.6 to 75.9) | 245 | 76.5 (73.3 to 79.7) | 449 | 74.1 (71.3 to 76.8) | 431 | 72.4 (69.6 to 75.1) a | 1.0 (−2.6 to 4.6) | 0.587 | 3.1 (−0.6 to 6.8) | 0.096 | 0.214 |
| HRQoL physical score | 295 | 80.8 (78.0 to 83.6) | 354 | 82.6 (80.1 to 85.2) | 304 | 82.4 (79.7 to 85.1) | 249 | 84.6 (81.5 to 87.8) | 456 | 83.2 (80.4 to 85.9) | 435 | 82.0 (79.2 to 84.7) a | 3.3 (−0.5 to 7.0) | 0.085 | 4.3 (0.4 to 8.1) | 0.029 | 0.080 |
| HRQoL global score | 290 | 76.7 (74.0 to 79.3) | 344 | 76.3 (73.9 to 78.6) | 301 | 76.4 (73.9 to 78.9) | 245 | 79.4 (76.5 to 82.4) | 448 | 77.4 (74.8 to 80.0) | 431 | 75.7 (73.1 to 78.3) a | 1.7 (−1.6 to 5.0) | 0.319 | 3.5 (0.2 to 6.9) | 0.040 | 0.117 |
a
P < 0.05.
b
P < 0.01.
c
P < 0.001.
Boldface indicates significant difference within trial group between 2015 and 2017 or 2015 and 2019. Estimates are based on generalized mixed models (logit link, binary distribution, compound symmetry covariance matrix) or linear mixed models with school as a random effect. All models included time, group, and their interaction. Models for outcomes additionally included school type and Index of Community Socio‐Educational Advantage tertile. Behavioral and HRQoL outcomes only collected in grade‐four and grade‐six children.
HRQoL, Health‐Related Quality of Life; Int., intervention; PA, physical activity; SEIFA, Socio‐Economic Indexes For Areas; SSB, Sugar Sweetened Beverages; WHO, World Health Organization.