Table 3.
Studies of the association between ABO, H, Lewis, and Secretor histo-blood group carbohydrates and infection by Toxoplasma gondii and toxoplasmosis.
| Place/Positive | Source | N | Seropositivity | Methods | HBG systems | Association | Phenotypes | Effects | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | |||||||||
| Tanzania | Blood donors | 208 | 79 | 38.0 | IHA* | ABO | No | — | — | Gill, 1985 |
| Norway | Volunteers | 1,788 | 395 | 22.1 | TcT€ | ABO | Yes | B and AB | Susceptibility | Midtvedt & Vaage, 1989 |
| France | Pregnant (MR) | 4,000 | 3,127 | 78.0 | NR# | ABO | No | — | — | Lécolier et al., 1990 |
| Russia | Patients | 38 | 15 | 39.5 | NR# | ABO | Yes | A | Susceptibility | Teplinskaia & Kaliberdina, 1992 |
| Cuba | Blood donors | 1,036 | 684 | 66.0 | IgG ELISA | ABO | Yes | AB | Susceptibility | López et al., 1993 |
| Russia | Blood donors | 323 | NR | NR | NR | ABO | Yes | B and AB | Susceptibility | Zhiburt et al., 1997 |
| Czech Republic | Military | 3,250 | 748 | 23.0 | IgM, IgG ELISA | ABO | Yes | B and AB | Susceptibility | Kolbekova et al., 2007 |
| CFT& | ||||||||||
| Philippines | Urban, suburban residents | 140 | 38 | 27.1 | LAT¥ | ABO | Yes | B | Susceptibility | Salibay et al., 2008 |
| Brazil | Pregnant women | 367 | 182 | 49.6 | IHA* | ABO, Secretor | No | — | — | Brandão de Mattos et al., 2008 |
| Egypt | Blood donors | 260 | 155 | 59.6 | IgG ELISA | ABO | Yes | O | Susceptibility | Elsheikha et al., 2009 |
| Brazil | Pregnant women (MR) | 1006 | 645 | 64.1 | IgM, IgG ELISA | ABO | No | — | — | Rodrigues et al., 2011 |
| Taiwan | Blood donors | 1,783 | 166 | 9.3 | IgM, IgG ELISA | ABO | No | — | — | Chiang et al., 2012 |
| Czech Republic | Military | 491 | 154 | 31.4 | IgM, IgG ELISA | ABO | No | — | — | Flegr et al., 2013 |
| Iraq | Blood donors | 400 | 131 | 32.7 | IgM, IgG ELISA | ABO | Yes | AB | Susceptibility | Mahmood et al., 2013 |
| 136 | 34.0 | LAT | ||||||||
| Iran | Blood donors | 1,480 | 286 | 19.3 | IgM, IgG ELISA | ABO | No | — | — | Sarkari et al., 2014 |
| Iran | Blood products | 250 | 59 | 23.6 | IgM, IgG ELISA | ABO | Yes | B, AB | Susceptibility | Shaddel et al., 2014 |
| Iran | Blood donors | 375 | 94 | 25.0 | IgM, IgG ELISA | ABO | No | — | — | Modrek et al., 2014 |
| Iran | Blood donors | 500 | 160 | 32.0 | IgM, IgG ELISA | ABO | Yes | B | Susceptibility | Mahmoudvand et al., 2015 |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Blood donors | 106 | 68 | 64.1 | IgM, IgG ELISA | ABO | No | — | — | Siransy et al., 2016 |
| Iran | Blood donors | 491 | 200 | 40.7 | IgM, IgG ELISA | ABO | No | — | — | Sadooghian et al., 2017 |
| Iran | Blood donors | 285 | 48 | 16.8 | IgM, IgG ELISA | ABO | No | — | — | Moshfe et al., 2018 |
| Iraq | Miscarriage | 200 | 67 | 33.5 | IgM LAT, ELISA | ABO | No | — | — | Smael et al., 2018 |
| Egypt | Blood donors | 276 | 150 | 54.3 | IgM, IgG ELISA | ABO | No | — | — | Abd El Wahab et al., 2018 |
| Brazil | Pregnant women | 244 | 158 | 64.7 | IgM, IgG ELISA | ABO, Lewis, Secretor | Yes | Le(a-b+) | Resistance | Nakashima et al., 2019 |
| Brazil | Blood donors | 1,730 | 835 | 48.3 | IgM, IgG ELISA | ABO | No | — | — | Nakashima et al. (Unpublished data) |
*IHA, Indirect Hemagglutination; €TcT, Toxoplasmin Cutaneous Test; &CFT, Complement Fixation Test; ¥LAT, Latex Agglutination Test; #Non Referred; MD, Data from Medical Records.