TABLE 1.
Required images in DCCSS LATER 2 cardiology echocardiography protocol
| Clinical use (including measurements) a | Additional (images only) | |
|---|---|---|
| Left lateral decubitus position | ||
| Parasternal | ||
| Long‐axis view | 2D | 2D: LVOT zoom |
| M‐mode: LV and LA/Ao | ||
| Color Doppler: MV and AoV | ||
| Short‐axis view | 2D: apical, mid‐ventricular, MV, AoV level | 2D: 5 cycles mid‐ventricular b |
| Color Doppler: MV, AoV, PV, TV | ||
| CW: TV regurgitation | CW: PV outflow and regurgitation | |
| Apical | ||
| 4‐chamber view | 2D: atria and ventricles in 1 view c | 2D: 5 cycles zoom LV; 5 cycles RV focused |
| M‐mode: TAPSE, color MV inflow | M‐mode: MAPSE (lateral) | |
| Color Doppler: MV and TV | ||
| CW: TV regurgitation | ||
| PW: MV and right upper pulmonary vein inflow | PW: TV inflow | |
| PW‐TDI: LV septal and lateral basal wall d | PW‐TDI: RV lateral basal wall d | |
| 5‐chamber view | 2D | |
| Color Doppler: AoV and LVOT | ||
| CW: AoV outflow | CW: between AoV and MV for valve timing | |
| PW: LVOT | ||
| 2‐chamber view | 2D: atrium and ventricle in 1 view c | 2D: 5 cycles zoom LV b |
| Color Doppler: MV | ||
| 3‐chamber view | 2D: atrium and ventricle in 1 view c | 2D: 5 cycles zoom LV b |
| Color Doppler: MV and AoV | ||
| Supine position | ||
| Subcostal | 2D: long‐axis view, IVC view | 2D: 4‐chamber view |
| M‐mode: IVC respiratory variation | ||
| Color Doppler: Hepatic vein if TR, abdominal Ao if AR | ||
| PW: Hepatic vein if TR, abdominal Ao if AR | ||
| Suprasternal | Color Doppler: Ascending and descending Ao if AR | |
| PW: Ascending and descending Ao if AR |
Abbreviations: Ao, aorta; AoV, aortic valve; AR, aortic regurgitation; CW, continuous wave Doppler; IVC, inferior vena cava; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract; MAPSE, mitral annular systolic plane excursion; MV, mitral valve; PV, pulmonary valve; RV, right ventricle; TAPSE, tricuspid annular systolic plane excursion; TDI, tissue Doppler imaging; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; TV, tricuspid valve.
Standard items for guideline‐based clinical evaluation in risk group 1, only images acquired in other risk groups.
5 cycles, frame rate >60/s for strain measurements, recommended 75% of heart rate. Avoid sector size reductions.
Avoid foreshortening. Provide atrial‐focused images if no optimal alignment.
5 cycles, PW Doppler frame rate >180/s, sector size reductions allowed.