TABLE 2.
Standard echocardiographic measurements and derived parameters
| Domain | ||
|---|---|---|
| (view) | Primary measurements | Calculated data |
| LV structure and systolic function a | ||
| PLAX b | LV end‐diastolic & ‐systolic diameter (LVEDD, LVESD) | Fractional shortening = (LVEDD‐LVESD)/LVEDD |
| LV septal and posterior wall thickness (diastolic) | LV mass index (g/m2) = (0.832*[(IVS+LVID+PWT)3−LVID3]+0.6)/BSA | |
| Apical 4‐chamber | Lateral MV annular plane excursion (MAPSE) | Corrected MAPSE =MAPSE / LV length |
| Septal and lateral TDI s’ c | ||
| Apical 2 & 4‐chamber | LV end‐diastolic & ‐systolic volume (LVEDV, LVESV) | LVEF = (LVEDV ‐ LVESV)/LVESV |
| Apical 2, 3, 4‐chamber | Global longitudinal strain, strain rate | |
| PSAX (mid LV) | Global circumferential strain, strain rate | |
| LV mechanical dispersion | ||
| Apical 2, 3, 4‐chamber | Longitudinal strain time‐to‐peak standard deviation | |
| Diastolic function | ||
| Apical 4‐chamber | Mitral E‐ and A‐ wave velocity, E deceleration time | LV E/A ratio |
| Mitral annular septal and lateral TDI e’ c | LV E/e'ratio | |
| Pulmonary vein systolic (S) and diastolic (D) velocity | S/D ratio | |
| Tricuspid E‐ and A‐ wave velocity, E deceleration time | ||
| Valve structure and function d | ||
| PLAX | LVOT diameter | AVAVTI = (π*VTILVOT* (LVOT diameter/2)2)/VTIAoV |
| PSAX (AoV level) | TR and PV Vmax | AVAVmax = (π*VLVOT* (LVOT diameter/2)2)/VAoV |
| Apical 3 or 5‐chamber | Vmax LVOT, Vmax AoV, VTI LVOT, VTI AoV | AVA index (cm/m2) = AVA / BSA |
| LA structure and function | ||
| PLAX | LA diameter | |
| Apical 2 & 4‐chamber | LA end‐diastolic area & volume (LAEDV) | LA volume index (ml/m2) = LAEDV / BSA |
| Apical 4 chamber | LA reservoir, conduit & booster pump longitudinal strain | |
| RV systolic function | ||
| Apical 4 chamber | Lateral TV annular plane excursion (TAPSE) | |
| Lateral TDI s’ c | ||
| RV and RV free wall longitudinal strain | ||
| Congestion signs | ||
| Inferior vena cava diameter (in‐ and exspiration) | Respiratory variation (%) | |
| Timing | ||
| Apical 5‐chamber | Ejection time, IVRT, IVCT, R‐AvC | Ejection time (ET), IVRT, IVCT |
| Tei index =ET / (IVCT +ET + IVRT) | ||
| Apical 2, 3, 4‐chamber | Time‐to‐peak strain (TTP) | TTP corrected =TTP in seconds / √ (cycle time in seconds)) |
Abbreviations: AoV, aortic valve; AR, aortic regurgitation; AVA, aortic valve area; BSA, body surface area; IVCT, isovolumic contraction time; IVRT, isovolumic relaxation time; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract; MR, mitral regurgitation; MS, mitral stenosis; MV, mitral valve; PLAX, parasternal long axis; PM, papillary muscle level; PSAX, parasternal short axis; PV, pulmonary valve; PW, Pulsed Wave Doppler; R‐AvC, aortic valve closure time; RV, right ventricle; TDI, Tissue Doppler imaging; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; Vmax, peak velocity; VTI, velocity time integral.
Besides visual inspection of global and regional wall motion.
2D images are preferred over M‐mode.
TDI measurements are performed in three cardiac cycles.