TABLE 1.
Characteristics of 7081 adults aged ≥30 years in the discovery dataset (NHANES 2011–2014) overall and by tertile of E‐DII
| Energy‐adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall n = 7081 |
Tertile 1 n = 2360 |
Tertile 2 n = 2362 |
Tertile 3 n = 2359 |
p value | |
| Sociodemographic variables | |||||
| Age, year, mean (SD) | 53.31 (14.66) | 52.51 (14.96) | 52.74 (14.57) | 54.67 (14.36) | <.001 |
| Age group, n (%) | |||||
| <60 years | 4687 (66.2) | 1605 (68.0) | 1506 (63.7) | 1576 (66.9) | .429 |
| >60 years | 2394 (33.8) | 755 (32.0) | 860 (36.3) | 779 (33.1) | |
| Gender, n (%) | |||||
| Male | 3495 (49.4) | 1289 (54.6) | 1342 (56.7% | 864 (36.7) | <.001 |
| Female | 3586 (50.6) | 1071 (45.4) | 1024 (43.3% | 1491 (63.3) | |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | |||||
| Non‐Hispanic Whites | 4073 (57.5) | 987 (41.8) | 1104 (46.7) | 917 (38.9) | .046 |
| Others | 3008 (42.5) | 1373 (58.2) | 1262 (53.3) | 1438 (61.1) | |
| Education, n (%) b | |||||
| <High school | 3171 (44.8) | 952 (40.4) | 1066 (45.1) | 1153 (48.9) | <.001 |
| College | 2003 (28.3) | 637 (27.0) | 687 (29.1) | 679 (28.8) | |
| >College | 1904 (26.9) | 768 (32.6) | 609 (25.8) | 527 (22.2) | |
| Annual household income, n (%) b | |||||
| <20,000$ | 1456 (21.4) | 319 (13.6) | 608 (26.3) | 529 (24.8) | <.001 |
| 20,000–75,000$ | 3399 (50.1) | 1185 (50.4) | 1109 (48.0) | 1105 (52.0) | |
| >75,000$ | 1934 (28.5) | 846 (36.0) | 595 (25.7) | 493 (23.2) | |
| Lifestyle variables | |||||
| Smoking habit, n (%) b | |||||
| Non smoker | 3841 (54.3) | 1391 (59.0) | 1287 (54.5) | 1163 (49.3) | <.001 |
| Former smoker | 1850 (26.1) | 620 (26.3) | 621 (26.3) | 609 (25.8) | |
| Current smoker | 1386 (19.6) | 345 (14.6) | 454 (19.2) | 587 (24.9) | |
| Smoking intensity, median (IQR) c | 10 (15) | 10 (16) | 10 (15) | 10 (16) | <.001 |
| Average alcohol use in past 12 months | |||||
| 0 drink/week | 2602 (36.8) | 969 (41.1) | 810 (34.4) | 823 (34.9) | <.001 |
| <1 drink/week | 1934 (27.3) | 633 (26.9) | 723 (30.7) | 578 (24.5) | |
| 1–8 drinks/week | 1719 (24.3) | 545 (23.1) | 570 (24.2) | 604 (25.6) | |
| >8 drinks/week | 817 (11.6) | 208 (8.8) | 255 (10.8) | 354 (15.2) | |
| Physical activity level, n (%) b | |||||
| Low | 2889 (40.8) | 968 (41.0) | 990 (41.9) | 931 (39.5) | .410 |
| Moderate | 2396 (33.8) | 781 (33.1) | 789 (33.4) | 826 (35.0) | |
| High | 1796 (25.4) | 611 (25.9) | 583 (24.7) | 602 (25.5) | |
| Time since the last dental visit, n (%) b | |||||
| Less than 1 year | 3961 (56.0) | 1529 (64.8) | 1459 (61.8) | 973 (41.3) | <.001 |
| 1–3 years | 1368 (19.3) | 363 (15.4) | 307 (13.0) | 698 (29.6) | |
| More than 3 years | 1746 (24.7) | 467 (19.8) | 593 (25.1) | 686 (29.1) | |
| Systemic disease and related factors | |||||
| Abdominal adiposity, n (%) b | |||||
| Tertile 1st of WHtR | 2290 (33.4) | 843 (36.9) | 760 (33.6) | 687 (29.5) | <.001 |
| Tertile 2nd of WHtR | 2288 (33.3) | 763 (33.4) | 706 (31.2) | 819 (35.2) | |
| Tertile 3rd of WHtR | 2288 (33.3) | 678 (29.7) | 795 (35.2) | 815 (35.1) | |
| Obesity, n (%) b | |||||
| Normal | 1921 (27.3) | 692 (29.5) | 600 (25.6) | 629 (26.9) | .044 |
| Overweight | 2408 (34.3) | 771 (32.9) | 832 (35.5) | 805 (34.4) | |
| Obese | 2699 (38.4) | 881 (37.6) | 911 (38.9) | 907 (38.7) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) b | |||||
| Normal | 2179 (31.2) | 1100 (47.3) | 612 (26.2) | 467 (20.1) | <.001 |
| Prehypertension | 1457 (20.8) | 388 (16.7) | 516 (22.1) | 553 (23.7) | |
| Hypertension | 3354 (48.0) | 837 (36.0) | 1208 (51.7) | 1309 (56.2) | |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) b | |||||
| Normal | 2738 (40.5) | 974 (42.9) | 881 (39.4) | 883 (39.1) | .003 |
| Intermediate dyslipidaemia | 1922 (28.4) | 636 (28.0) | 671 (30.0) | 615 (27.2) | |
| Dyslipidaemia | 2108 (31.1) | 661 (29.1) | 685 (30.6) | 762 (33.7) | |
| Dysglycaemia, n (%) b | |||||
| Normal | 3741 (54.3) | 1403 (60.7) | 1419 (62.4) | 919 (39.9) | <.001 |
| Intermediate dysglycaemia | 2137 (31.0) | 582 (25.2) | 520 (22.9) | 1035 (44.9) | |
| Diagnosed diabetes | 1010 (14.7) | 326 (14.1) | 334 (14.6) | 350 (15.2) | |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) b | |||||
| No physician's diagnosis | 6316 (89.4) | 2139 (90.8) | 2125 (90.2) | 2052 (87.3) | <.001 |
| Physician's diagnosis | 747 (10.6) | 217 (9.2) | 231 (9.8) | 299 (12.7) | |
| Arthritis, n (%) b | |||||
| No physician's diagnosis | 5032 (71.2) | 1658 (70.3) | 1676 (71.1) | 1698 (72.1) | .409 |
| Physician's diagnosis | 2037 (28.8) | 699 (29.6) | 681 (28.9) | 657 (27.9) | |
| White blood cell count, mean (SD) | 7.10 (2.22) | 6.99 (2.08) | 7.12 (2.20) | 7.20 (2.38) | .007 |
| Total energy intake (Kcal/day), mean (SD) | 2053 (853) | 2077 (873) | 2058 (847) | 2035 (825) | .037 |
| Total energy intake group, n (%) | |||||
| < median | 3541 (50.0) | 1048 (44.4) | 1176 (49.7) | 1317 (55.9) | <.001 |
| > median | 3540 (50.0) | 1312 (55.6) | 1190 (50.3) | 1038 (44.1) | |
| Periodontal disease variables | |||||
| Number of the teeth present, median (IQR) | 25 (9) | 25 (7) | 25 (11) | 25 (9) | <.001 |
| CDC/AAP case definition, n (%) | |||||
| Non/mild periodontitis | 4124 (58.2) | 1427 (60.5) | 1449 (61.2) | 1248 (53.0) | <.001 |
| Moderate/severe periodontitis | 2957 (41.8) | 933 (39.5) | 917 (38.8) | 1107 (47.0) | |
All p values were calculated with a two‐sided significance level of .05.
Abbreviations: AAP, American Academy of Periodontology; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; E‐DII, energy‐adjusted dietary inflammatory index; IQR, interquartile range; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; SD, standard deviation; WHtR, waist‐to‐height ratio.
E‐DII ranges for Tertile 1, Tertile 2, and Tertile 3 were −5.45 to −0.85, −0.85 to 2.81, and 2.81 to 4.74.
Missing values for total study: education (n = 3; 0.1%), income (n = 292; 4.1%), smoking status (n = 4; 0.1%), Smoking intensity (n = 98; 1.4%), alcohol (n = 9; 0.1%), dental visit (n = 6; 0.1%), abdominal adiposity (n = 215; 3%), obesity (n = 53; 0.7%), hypertension (n = 91; 1.3%), dyslipidaemia (n = 313; 4.4%), dysglycaemia (n = 193; 2.7%), cardiovascular disease (n = 18; 0.3%), and arthritis (n = 12; 0.2%).
Average number of cigarettes smoked per day was used as a measure of smoking intensity.