TABLE 2.
Sample characteristics of adolescents (n = 171) with type 1 diabetes and their parents (n = 149)
| Missing values | % (n) | Mean ± SD (median; interquartile range) | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age adolescent (years) | 0 | 15 ± 2 (15; 13–17) | 12–19 | |
| Female sex adolescent | 0 | 47% (81) | ||
| Education level adolescent | 1 | |||
| Primary school | 11% (19) | |||
| High school | 76% (129) | |||
| Secondary vocational education | 12% (20) | |||
| Secondary professional education | 1% (2) | |||
| University | 0% (0) | |||
| Being an only child, yes | 22 | 12% (18) | ||
| Age parent (years) | 2 | 46 ± 5 (46; 43–49) | 34–59 | |
| Sex parent, women | 1 | 89% (132) | ||
| Parent from (non‐Dutch) ethnic minority group | 1 | 3% (5) | ||
| Relationship status parent, being single | 1 | 12% (17) | ||
| Education level parent a | 2 | |||
| Low | 5% (8) | |||
| Moderate | 36% (53) | |||
| High | 57% (83) | |||
| Other | 2% (3) | |||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Diabetes duration (years) | 0 | 7 ± 4 (7; 3–11) | 0–16 | |
| Insulin treatment modality, CSII | 0 | 78% (134) | ||
| Most recent HbA1c, % | 0 | 7.7 ± 1 (7.8; 6.9–8.3) | 5.1–11.5 | |
| Most recent HbA1c, mmol/mol | 0 | 61 ± 12 (62; 52–67) | 33–102 | |
| Optimal glycemic control (<7.5%/58 mmol/mol) b | 42% (71) | |||
| Psychosocial characteristics | ||||
| Anxiety symptoms (GAD‐7) | 4 | 2.9 ± 2.7 (3.0; 1.0–4.0) | 0–13 | |
| Depressive symptoms adolescents (CDI‐2) | 4 | 6.2 ± 5.0 (5.0; 3.0–8.0) | 0–26 | |
| Diabetes distress adolescent (PAID‐T) | 4 | 54.3 ± 19.3 (52.0; 38.0–68.0) | 26–105 | |
| Anxiety symptoms parent (GAD‐7) | 0 | 2.4 ± 3.0 (2.0; 0.0–4.0) | 0–14 | |
| Depressive symptoms parent (PHQ‐9) | 0 | 2.3 ± 3.0 (1.0; 0.0–3.0) | 0–16 | |
| Diabetes distress parent (PAID‐PR) | 0 | 21.7 ± 15.9 (18.1; 9.72–29.2) | 0–75 | |
Note: Reported are valid percentages. Due to scheduling issues, one adolescent was 11.99 years old at assessment and two adolescents had a diabetes duration of less than 6 months (0.55 and 0.56 years).
Abbreviations: CDI‐2, children's depression inventory ‐ 2nd edition; CSII, Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; DISC‐IV, diagnostic interview schedule for children – 4th edition; GAD‐7, generalized anxiety disorder – 7 item anxiety scale; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; PAID‐PR, problem areas in diabetes –parents revised; PAID‐T, problem areas in diabetes – teens; PHQ‐9, patient health questionnaire – 9 item depression scale.
Low: no education, primary school, lower vocational education; Moderate: (Secondary) Vocational education; High: (Secondary) Higher professional education and university.
When a cut‐off of 7.0% or 53 mmol/mol was used, 26% (n = 44) adolescents were in optimal control.