TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics after propensity‐score matching
| Characteristic | SGLT2 inhibitors N = 5307 | OGLDs N = 5307 | Standardized difference (%) a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 64.4 (9.4) | 64.4 (10.7) | −0.3 |
| Years in diabetes registry | |||
| Mean (SD) | 11.1 (5.5) | 11.1 (5.5) | 0.9 |
| >10 years, n (%) | 3041 (57.3) | 3062 (57.7) | |
| Socioeconomic status b | 6.1 (1.8) | 5.9 (1.7) | 14.5 |
| Frailty c , n (%) | 707 (13.3) | 709 (13.4) | −0.1 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31.7 (5.4) | 31.6 (5.4) | 1.0 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 133.3 (15.3) | 132.6 (15.4) | 4.7 |
|
HbA1c, mmol/mol HbA1c, % |
66 (16.4) 8.2 (1.5) |
66 (17.5) 8.2 (1.6) |
−19.7 −1.8 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 86.5 (24.3) | 87.0 (25.5) | −1.9 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 675 (12.7) | 697 (13.1) | −1.2 |
| Ejection fraction <50%, n (%) | 473 (8.9) | 473 (8.9) | 0 |
| Established CVD history, n (%) | 2322 (43.8) | 2190 (41.3) | 5.0 |
| Baseline glucose‐lowering medications, n (%) | |||
| Metformin | 4848 (91.4) | 4904 (92.4) | −3.9 |
| DPP‐4 inhibitors | 2689 (50.7) | 2666 (50.2) | 0.9 |
| Sulphonylureas | 1428 (26.9) | 1397 (26.3) | 1.3 |
| Insulin | 1488 (28.0) | 1424 (26.8) | 2.7 |
| GLP‐1RAs | 682 (12.9) | 603 (11.4) | 4.6 |
| Metiglinides | 613 (11.6) | 597 (11.2) | 0.9 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 276 (5.2) | 294 (5.5) | −1.5 |
| Acarbose | 133 (2.5) | 132 (2.5) | 0.1 |
| Antihypertensives, n (%) | 4521 (85.2) | 4523 (85.2) | −0.1 |
| ACE inhibitors | 2208 (41.6) | 2329 (43.9) | −4.6 |
| ARBs | 2233 (42.1) | 2065 (38.9) | 6.5 |
| Dihydropyridines (calcium channel blockers) | 1378 (26.0) | 1424 (26.8) | −2.0 |
| Low ceiling diuretics (thiazides) | 341 (6.4) | 376 (7.1) | −2.6 |
| Non‐hydropyridines (calcium channel blockers) | 83 (1.6) | 101 (1.9) | −2.6 |
| High ceiling diuretics (loop diuretics) | 525 (9.9) | 526 (9.9) | −0.1 |
| Aldosterone antagonists, n (%) | 363 (6.8) | 358 (6.7) | 0.4 |
| Beta blockers, n (%) | 2826 (53.3) | 2800 (52.8) | 1.0 |
| Statins, n (%) | 4495 (84.7) | 4475 (84.3) | 1.0 |
Note: Data are mean (SD), unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DPP‐4, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP‐1RA, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist; OGLD, other glucose‐lowering drug; SGLT2, sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2.
Standardized difference >10% is considered a statistically significant difference.
Based on a score ranked from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) derived for commercial purposes by Points Location Intelligence using geographic information systems and data such as expenditure related to retail chains, credit cards and housing; score is highly correlated with socioeconomic status as measured by the Central Bureau of Statistics in Israel.
≥1 hospitalization of ≥3 consecutive days during the year prior to index.