TABLE 4.
Subgroup differences amongst quantitative survey items (n = 391).
| Survey item | Overall sample | Age |
Gender |
Education |
Household Assets |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
25–44 (n = 225) |
45+ (n = 159) |
Female(n = 78) |
Male (n = 109) |
No school or primary school (n = 194) |
Secondary school or more (n = 193) |
Continuous (n = 391) |
|||||||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | Mean | s.d. | |
| How do you get COVID? | ||||||||||||||||
| Being around people who cough | 215 | 55.0 | 136 | 60.40* | 76 | 47.80* | 155 | 55.8 | 59 | 54.10 | 89 | 45.90** | 125 | 64.80** | 7.98 | 1.84 |
| Being around people who sneeze | 311 | 79.5 | 185 | 82.20 | 122 | 76.70 | 223 | 80.2 | 86 | 78.90 | 150 | 77.30 | 159 | 82.40 | 7.84 | 1.80 |
| Receiving a curse | 9 | 2.3 | 7 | 3.10*** | 1 | 0.60*** | 7 | 2.5 | 2 | 1.80 | 1 | 0.50* | 8 | 4.20* | 7.89 | 1.45 |
| Sharing meals | 45 | 11.5 | 37 | 16.40** | 7 | 4.40** | 35 | 12.6 | 10 | 9.20 | 5 | 2.58** | 40 | 20.73** | 8.13 | 1.98 |
| Touching others | 198 | 50.6 | 122 | 54.20 | 73 | 45.90 | 144 | 51.8 | 52 | 47.70 | 79 | 40.70** | 117 | 60.60** | 8.03 | 1.74*** |
| Don’t know/unsure | 7 | 1.8 | 3 | 1.30 | 4 | 2.50 | 5 | 1.8 | 2 | 1.80 | 4 | 2.10 | 3 | 1.60 | 7.00 | 1.73 |
| Are you at greater risk of COVID if you have? | ||||||||||||||||
| Cancer | 81 | 20.7 | 62 | 27.60** | 18 | 11.30** | 59 | 21.2 | 22 | 20.20 | 19 | 9.80** | 62 | 32.10** | 8.36 | 1.80** |
| Diabetes | 154 | 39.4 | 95 | 42.20 | 57 | 35.90 | 119 | 42.8* | 34 | 31.20* | 65 | 33.50* | 88 | 45.60* | 7.95 | 1.87 |
| Drinking alcohol | 69 | 17.7 | 53 | 23.60** | 14 | 8.80** | 56 | 20.1*** | 13 | 11.90*** | 16 | 8.30** | 53 | 27.50** | 8.28 | 1.85* |
| Experiencing poverty | 59 | 15.1 | 43 | 19.10** | 15 | 9.40** | 41 | 14.8 | 18 | 16.50 | 16 | 8.30** | 43 | 22.30** | 8.25 | 1.78*** |
| High blood pressure | 75 | 19.2 | 54 | 24.00** | 20 | 12.60** | 61 | 21.9* | 14 | 12.80* | 17 | 8.80** | 58 | 30.10** | 8.20 | 1.97*** |
| HIV | 223 | 57.0 | 137 | 60.90 | 84 | 52.80 | 162 | 58.3 | 60 | 55.10 | 101 | 52.10* | 121 | 62.70* | 8.04 | 1.75* |
| Malnutrition | 57 | 14.6 | 45 | 20.00** | 11 | 6.90** | 44 | 15.8 | 13 | 11.90 | 10 | 5.20** | 47 | 24.40** | 8.42 | 1.95* |
| Mental illness | 39 | 10.0 | 34 | 15.10** | 4 | 2.50** | 33 | 11.9*** | 6 | 5.50*** | 4 | 2.10** | 35 | 18.10** | 8.72 | 1.72** |
| Stress | 45 | 11.5 | 32 | 14.20*** | 13 | 8.20*** | 36 | 13.0 | 9 | 8.30 | 14 | 7.20** | 31 | 16.10** | 8.36 | 2.01*** |
| Tuberculosis | 269 | 68.8 | 154 | 68.40 | 110 | 69.20 | 192 | 69.1 | 74 | 67.90 | 128 | 66.00 | 138 | 71.50 | 7.96 | 1.84 |
| Other diseases or social conditions | 25 | 6.4 | 20 | 8.90* | 5 | 3.10* | 20 | 7.2 | 5 | 4.60 | 5 | 2.60** | 20 | 10.40** | 8.87 | 1.28* |
| Don’t know/unsure | 66 | 16.9 | 39 | 17.30 | 26 | 16.40 | 44 | 15.8 | 21 | 19.20 | 35 | 18.00 | 30 | 15.50 | 7.74 | 1.67 |
| What will help prevent coronavirus transmission? | ||||||||||||||||
| Ancestors | 3 | 0.8 | 3 | 1.30 | 0 | - | 3 | 1.1 | 0 | - | 0*** | - | 3 | 1.60*** | 9.33 | 1.15 |
| Covering your mouth when coughing/sneezing | 187 | 47.8 | 108 | 48.00 | 76 | 47.80 | 137 | 49.3 | 49 | 45.00 | 89 | 45.90 | 97 | 50.30 | 7.89 | 1.79 |
| Disinfecting surfaces | 143 | 36.6 | 84 | 37.30 | 55 | 34.60 | 100 | 36.0 | 42 | 38.50 | 59 | 30.40* | 83 | 43.00* | 8.01 | 1.83 |
| Drinking water | 72 | 18.4 | 50 | 22.20* | 21 | 13.20* | 53 | 19.1 | 19 | 17.40 | 27 | 13.90* | 45 | 23.30* | 8.00 | 1.91 |
| Eating healthy foods | 60 | 15.4 | 44 | 19.60** | 15 | 9.40** | 43 | 15.5 | 17 | 15.60 | 19 | 9.80** | 41 | 21.20** | 8.15 | 1.69 |
| Exercise | 38 | 9.7 | 32 | 14.20** | 5 | 3.10** | 28 | 10.1 | 10 | 9.20 | 7 | 3.60** | 31 | 16.10** | 8.13 | 2.02 |
| Going to a sangoma or traditional healer | 2 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.40 | 1 | 0.60 | 1 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.90 | 1 | 0.50 | 1 | 0.50 | 7.00 | 1.41 |
| Going to church | 6 | 1.5 | 2 | 0.90 | 3 | 1.90 | 3 | 1.1 | 3 | 2.80 | 3 | 1.60 | 3 | 1.60 | 8.00 | 1.26 |
| Hand washing only with water | 20 | 5.1 | 17 | 7.60* | 3 | 1.90* | 15 | 5.4 | 5 | 4.60 | 4 | 2.10** | 16 | 8.30** | 7.55 | 1.61 |
| Hand washing with water and soap | 350 | 89.5 | 197 | 87.60 | 146 | 91.80 | 247 | 88.9 | 99 | 90.80 | 17 | 90.20 | 171 | 88.60 | 7.87 | 1.82 |
| Having faith in God | 22 | 5.6 | 18 | 8.00** | 3 | 1.90** | 18 | 6.5 | 4 | 3.70 | 4 | 2.10** | 18 | 9.30** | 8.13 | 1.61 |
| Having someone pray for you | 4 | 1.0 | 3 | 1.30 | 0 | - | 3 | 1.1 | 1 | 0.90 | 0* | - | 4 | 2.10* | 8.75 | 1.26 |
| Prayer | 59 | 15.1 | 37 | 16.40 | 21 | 13.20 | 45 | 16.2 | 14 | 12.80 | 27 | 13.90 | 32 | 16.60 | 8.03 | 1.78 |
| Physical distancing | 143 | 36.6 | 87 | 38.67 | 53 | 33.30 | 101 | 36.3 | 40 | 36.70 | 58 | 29.90** | 83 | 43.00** | 8.13 | 1.85* |
| Staying home | 262 | 67.0 | 161 | 71.60* | 95 | 59.80* | 190 | 68.4 | 68 | 62.40 | 115 | 59.30** | 143 | 74.10 | 8.02 | 1.73* |
| Taking vitamins | 60 | 15.4 | 45 | 20.00** | 14 | 8.80** | 46 | 16.6 | 14 | 12.80 | 16 | 8.30** | 44 | 22.80** | 8.38 | 1.71* |
| Wearing a face cover | 110 | 28.1 | 68 | 30.20 | 41 | 25.80 | 75 | 27.0 | 34 | 31.20 | 44 | 22.70* | 65 | 33.70* | 8.15 | 1.89* |
| Other | 6 | 1.5 | 6 | 2.70* | 0 | - | 3 | 1.1 | 3 | 2.75 | 1 | 0.50*** | 5 | 2.60*** | 7.33 | 3.01 |
| Don’t know/unsure | 4 | 1.0 | 3 | 1.30 | 1 | 0.60 | 4 | 1.4 | 0 | - | 2 | 1.00 | 2 | 1.00 | 7.00 | 1.41 |
| How concerned are you about coronavirus? | ||||||||||||||||
| Very unconcerned | 9 | 2.4 | 9 | 4.20* | 0 | 0.00* | 8 | 3.0 | 1 | 0.90 | 1 | 0.50** | 8 | 4.30** | 7.67 | 1.58 |
| Unconcerned | 13 | 3.4 | 9 | 4.20 | 4 | 2.50 | 9 | 3.4 | 4 | 3.70 | 3 | 1.60** | 10 | 5.40** | 7.62 | 2.18 |
| Neutral | 37 | 9.7 | 20 | 9.20 | 16 | 10.10 | 16 | 6.0** | 21 | 19.40** | 18 | 9.50 | 19 | 10.20 | 8.22 | 1.90 |
| Concerned | 145 | 38.1 | 73 | 33.60* | 70 | 44.30* | 105 | 39.0 | 38 | 35.20 | 89 | 46.80** | 54 | 28.90** | 7.47 | 1.79** |
| Very concerned | 177 | 46.5 | 106 | 48.90 | 68 | 43.00 | 131 | 48.7 | 44 | 40.70 | 79 | 41.60 | 96 | 51.30 | 8.14 | 1.73** |
COVID, coronavirus disease; s.d., standard deviation; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.
, denotes significance at p < 0.05 level;
, denotes significance at p < 0.01 level;
, denotes significance at p < 0.10 level.
†, Subgroup differences amongst demographic categorical variables (age, sex and education) assessed using Pearson’s chi-square test of association. Differences amongst continuous variables (household assets) assessed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests as well as independent sample t tests.
‡, Percentages may not add to 100 because of the ability of participants to make responses in more than one category.
§, Adjusted residuals greater or lesser than absolute value of 2 were used to determine where significant differences occurred following significant chi-square tests. Tukey post hoc testing was performed to determine where significant differences occurred following significant ANOVA tests.
¶, p values are uncorrected (no penalty induced for the number of tests performed).
Boldface indicates groups with higher than expected frequencies of response in the indicated category.