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Differential effect of warfarin in vascular smooth muscle cells. Primary human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were cultured in the presence of warfarin or vehicle. (A, B) Warfarin treatment significantly reduced VSMC proliferation and migration (C). Warfarin (50 µM) significantly promoted inflammatory messenger RNA levels of (D) MCP1, (E) IFN‐γ, (F) IL‐1ß, and (G) elevated TNF‐α. IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor
