. 2021 Mar 15;47(4):525–561. doi: 10.1111/cch.12830

TABLE 3.

Associations between factors and infant GMD

Child factors
		Age of motor assessment outcome					Age of motor milestone outcome
	RoB	0–3 m	4–6 m	7–12 m	13–24 m	25–60 m	0–3 m	4–6 m	7–12 m	13–24 m	25–60 m
GA
*Preterm*
Yaari et al., 2018	H	s^**
*Term*
Espel et al., 2014	H	s^*	s^**	s^**
*Post‐term*
Field et al., 1978	H		ns	ns
Birthweight
*Low BW*
Datar & Jacknowitz, 2009	L			s ^***	s^**
Grantham‐McGregor et al., 1998	L		s ^***	s ^***
*Normal BW*
Lung et al., 2009a	H		s ^***		s ^***
Twin
Nan et al., 2013	H	s ^***	s ^***	s ^***	ns
Brouwer et al., 2006	H								ns	ns
Goetghebuer et al., 2003	H						s^**	s^*/ns ^a	s^*/ns ^a
Wilson & Harpring, 1972	H	ns	s ^***	ns	s ^***
Anthropometry
*Weight, length and head circumference*
Scharf et al., 2016	H		s ^***		s ^***
*Overweight*
Slining et al., 2010	L	s^*
*Proportionately larger head*
Bartlett, 1998	H	ns/s ^***	ns	ns	ns
Afro‐American background
Capute et al., 1985	H						s^**	s^**	s^**	s^**
Motivation to move
Atun‐Einy et al., 2013	H			s^*					s^* ^/ ^ ^/ ^ ^/ ^**
Environmental factors
	RoB	0–3 m	4–6 m	7–12 m	13–24 m	25–60 m	0–3 m	4–6 m	7–12 m	13–24 m	25–60 m
Sleep position
*Prone sleeping*
Majnemer and Barr, 2006	H		ns ^b /s ^b		ns
Davis et al., 1998	H							s^/^/ ^*** /ns	s^/^/ns
*Supine sleeping*
Lung and Shu, 2011	H		s ^***		ns	ns
Ratliff‐Schaub et al., 2001	H		ns		ns
Breastfeeding
Jardí et al., 2018	L		s^*	s^*
Michels et al., 2017	H		ns	ns	ns
Morris et al., 1999	L		ns/s_LBW/HBW ^*	ns
Oddy et al., 2011	H			ns	ns	ns
Maternal depression
Smith‐Nielsen et al., 2019	H		ns		ns
Sutter‐Dallay et al., 2011	H	ns	ns	ns	ns
Maternal mental health
Lung, Shu, Chiang et al., 2011	H		ns		ns	ns
Adolescent mother
de Borba and Valentini, 2015	H	ns
Parental mental health
Lung et al., 2009b	H		ns		s_m ^*
Parental neonatal perception
Hernández‐Martínez et al., 2011	H		s_m ^*	s_p ^**
Babywalker
Siegel and Burton, 1999	H		s ^***					s ^* ^/ ^	s^**
Daycare attendance
Souza et al., 2010	H			s	s
Season of birth winter
Tsuchiya et al., 2012	H		s ^***	s ^***	ns
Cameroonian versus German culture
Vierhaus et al., 2011	H	s ns
Multiple factors
	RoB	0–3 m	4–6 m	7–12 m	13–24 m	25–60 m	0–3 m	4–6 m	7–12 m	13–24 m	25–60 m
Bjarnadóttir et al., 2019	H						ns	ns	ns	ns
Pereira et al., 2016	H	s
Flensborg‐Madsen & Mortensen, 2017	H						s ^***	s ^***	s ^***

Note. L = low RoB (Risk of Bias), H = high RoB; ns = no significant association, s = significant association; s/ns = (no) associations longitudinally analysed; m = maternal; p = paternal.

Abbreviations: HBW, high birthweight; LBW, low birthweight.

^{^a}

Multiple motor milestones measured in same age‐range.

^{^b}

Multiple motor outcomes measured in same age‐range.

p<0.05.

^**

p<0.01.

^{^***}

p<0.001.