| Child confounders | Environmental confouders | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author (year) | Age | Anthropometry | Birth order | BW | Ethnicity | GA | Plurality | Sex | Other child factors | Marital status | Maternal age | Maternal education | Number of siblings | Parity | Parental income/SES | Paternal age | Paternal education | Other environmental factors |
| Child factors | ||||||||||||||||||
| GA | ||||||||||||||||||
| Preterm | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yaari et al. (2018) | X | |||||||||||||||||
| Term | ||||||||||||||||||
| Espel et al. (2014) | – | – | X | – | – | |||||||||||||
| Post‐term | ||||||||||||||||||
| Field et al. (1978) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Birthweight | ||||||||||||||||||
| Low BW | ||||||||||||||||||
|
Datar and Jacknowitz (2009) |
X1 | X | – | X | X | X2 | X | X | – | X | ||||||||
| Grantham‐McGregor et al. (1998) | ‐s | |||||||||||||||||
| Normal BW | ||||||||||||||||||
| Lung et al. (2009a) | X | X | Xtwin | X | X | X | ||||||||||||
| Twin | ||||||||||||||||||
| Nan et al. (2013) | – | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Brouwer et al. (2006) | – | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Goetghebuer et al. (2003) | X3 | X | X4 | X | ||||||||||||||
| Wilson and Harpring (1972) | X | |||||||||||||||||
| Anthropometry | ||||||||||||||||||
| Weight, length and head circumference | ||||||||||||||||||
| Scharf et al. (2016) | X | – | – | |||||||||||||||
| Overweight | ||||||||||||||||||
| Slining et al. (2010) | X | – | X | X5 | ||||||||||||||
| Proportional larger head | ||||||||||||||||||
| Bartlett (1998) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Afro‐American background | ||||||||||||||||||
| Capute et al. (1985) | ‐ | ‐s | ||||||||||||||||
| Motivation to move | ||||||||||||||||||
| Atun‐Einy et al. (2013) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Environmental factors | ||||||||||||||||||
| Sleep position | ||||||||||||||||||
| Prone sleeping | ||||||||||||||||||
|
Majnemer and Barr (2006) |
Xtest | X6 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
| Davis et al. (1998) | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||
| Supine sleeping | ||||||||||||||||||
| Lung and Shu (2011) | X7,8 | X | X | X7,8 | ||||||||||||||
|
Ratliff‐Schaub et al. (2001) |
X9 | X | X10 | X | X | X11 | ||||||||||||
| Breastfeeding | ||||||||||||||||||
| Jardí et al. (2018) | X12,13, 14, 15, 16 | X | X | X | X | – | Xs | |||||||||||
| Michels et al. (2017) | X | X | X20,21, 22 | X | X | X | X | X17,18,19 | ||||||||||
| Morris et al. (1999) | X | X23 | Xs | |||||||||||||||
| Oddy et al. (2011) | X | X | X24 | X | X | X | X25,26,27 | |||||||||||
| Maternal depression | ||||||||||||||||||
| Smith‐Nielsen et al. (2016) | X | X28 | ||||||||||||||||
| Sutter‐Dallay et al. (2011) | X | X | X | X | X | X29 | ||||||||||||
| Maternal mental health | ||||||||||||||||||
| Lung, Shu, Chiang et al. (2011) | X | Xpaternal | X30 | |||||||||||||||
| Adolescent mother | ||||||||||||||||||
|
de Borba and Valentini (2015) |
||||||||||||||||||
| Parental mental health | ||||||||||||||||||
| Lung et al. (2009b) | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||
| Parental neonatal perception | ||||||||||||||||||
| Hernández‐Martínez et al. (2011) | – | X | – | X31,32 | ||||||||||||||
| Babywalker | ||||||||||||||||||
|
Siegel and Burton (1999) |
X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Daycare attendance | ||||||||||||||||||
| Souza et al. (2010) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Season of birth | ||||||||||||||||||
| Tsuchiya et al. (2012) | – | – | – | – | – | ‐s | – | |||||||||||
| Cameroonian versus German culture | ||||||||||||||||||
| Vierhaus et al. (2011) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Multiple factors | ||||||||||||||||||
| Bjarnadóttir et al. (2019) | – | X | X | X | X33 | |||||||||||||
| Flensborg‐Madsen & Mortensen, 2017 | – | |||||||||||||||||
| Pereira et al. (2016) | X34,35 | – | – | X | X36 | |||||||||||||
Note. X = factor in final model; – = factor considered, but not in final model; ‐s = factor SES considered, but not in final model; 1 = height; 2 = pregnancy/delivery risk factors; 3 = length; 4 = non‐independence within twin pairs; 5 = age squared; 6 = weight at all assessments; 7 = acute hospital admission; 8 = chronic illness; 9 = head circumference; 10 = days hospitalized; 11 = methyxanthine use; 12 = infant iron status; 13 = infant haemoglobin level; 14 = head circumference at birth, 6 and 12 months; 15 = height at birth, 6 and at 12 months; 16 = BMI at 6 and 12 months; 17 = maternal BMI; 18 = maternal postpartum depression; 19 = maternal ethnicity; 20 = rapid weight gain until 4 months postpartum; 21 = ASQ pass/failure at 4 months; 22 = conception via fertility treatment; 23 = diarrhoea morbidity; 24 = APGAR score infant at 5 min; 25 = total amount of stressful life events during pregnancy; 26 = biological father living with family; 27 = maternal smoking; 28 = maternal co‐morbid personality disorder; 29 = EPDS score mother; 30 = family support; 31 = parental neonatal perceptions; 32 = NBAS (Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale) endurance item; 33 = paternity leave; 34 = cognition; 35 = Mechanical ventilation; 36 = DAIS score (Daily Activities of Infants Scale).