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. 2021 Mar 19;152(Suppl 1):3–57. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.13522
  • History‐based risk factors
    1. Maternal demographics
      • •
        Advanced age
      • •
        Underweight
      • •
        Living in high altitude
      • •
        Severe anemia, hemoglobinopathies
      • •
        Environmental factors (air pollution, heavy metals, heat)
    2. Medical conditions
      • •
        Chronic hypertension
      • •
        Chronic kidney disease
      • •
        Systemic lupus erythematosus
      • •
        Inflammatory bowel disease
      • •
        Antiphospholipid syndrome
      • •
        Pregestational diabetes (long standing)
    3. Obstetric history
      • •
        Previous pregnancy affected by FGR or pre‐eclampsia
  • Biochemical markers
    • Low PlGF
    • Low PAPP‐A
    • High AFP
  • Ultrasound‐based markers
    • Uterine artery: pulsatility index >95th percentile
    • Uterine artery: bilateral notching
    • Marginal or velamentous cord insertion
    • Two‐vessel cord (single umbilical artery)
    • Abnormal placental morphologya
    • Decreased fetal growth velocity