Table 1.

Characteristics of Study Participants and Prevalence of COVID-19 Antibodies

	Patients with type 1 diabetes		Controls without diabetes
	New-onset (n = 129)	Established (n = 94)	Children (n = 562)	Adults (n = 102)
Age, years
Mean (SD)	12.3 (8.2)	20.7 (14.4)	9.3 (4.5)	41.4 (7.7)
Median	11.4	16.2	9.0	41.7
Range	1.3–69.3	1.5–66.8	1.0–18	19–60.5
Diabetes duration, days
Mean (SD)	2.4 (3.9)	3208 (4348)	NA	NA
Median	2.0	866	NA	NA
Range	0–29	36–19,983	NA	NA
COVID-19 antibodies, % (n) 95% CI
Receptor-binding domain	0.8% (1) 0.1%–4.2%	4.3% (4) 1.7%–10.4%	2.8% (16) 1.8%–4.6%	3.9% (3) 1.5%–9.7%
Nucleocapsid	0.8% (1) 0.1%–4.2%	4.3% (4) 1.7%–10.4%	NA	NA

95% CI calculated using Wilson score interval.

CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; NA, not applicable.