Table 4.
Adjusted associations of female breast and pubic hair development classes and age at menarche with adolescent emotional and behavioral adjustment, eating attitudes, and patterns of risk behavior initiationa
| Br Class 1 |
Br Class 2 |
Br Class 3 |
Br Class 4 |
PH Class 1 |
PH Class 2 |
PH Class 3 |
Age at menarche | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Later onset and slower tempo |  |
Earlier onset and faster tempo | Later onset and slower tempo |  |
Earlier onset and faster tempo | |||
| Pattern of risk behavior initiation | OR (95% CI) | Ref | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | Ref | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Low risk | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Moderate risk | .88 (.46, 1.66) | Ref | 1.8 (.97, 3.34) | 1.99 (.89, 4.44) | .58 (.35, .95) | Ref | 1.49 (.62, 3.63) | .82 (.66, 1) |
| High risk | 1.25 (.45, 3.45) | Ref | 3.44 (1.38, 8.58)b | 3.45 (1.13, 10.49) | .54 (.27, 1.1) | Ref | 2.12 (.74, 6.04) | .53 (.39, .71)b |
| Age 11 y sociobehavioral adjustment | β (95% CI) | Ref | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | Ref | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) |
| Aff | −.36 (−1.12, .4) | Ref | −.65 (−1.31, .01) | −.6 (−1.43, .22) | .41 (−.15, .97) | Ref | .13 (−.64, .89) | −.11 (−.32, .1) |
| Anx | .2 (−.29, .7) | Ref | −.05 (−.48, .38) | .12 (−.42, .66) | .06 (−.3, .43) | Ref | .01 (−.49, .51) | −.02 (−.16, .11) |
| Som | −.25 (−.91, .4) | Ref | .05 (−.52, .62) | .11 (−.6, .83) | −.14 (−.62, .34) | Ref | −.39 (−1.05, .27) | −.12 (−.3, .06) |
| Attn Def | −.57 (−1.33, .19) | Ref | .02 (−.64, .68) | 0 (−.83, .83) | .24 (−.31, .8) | Ref | .46 (−.31, 1.22) | −.19 (−.4, .02) |
| Opp Def | .06 (−.35, .47) | Ref | .18 (−.18, .53) | −.04 (−.49, .41) | −.12 (−.42, .18) | Ref | .39 (−.02, .8) | −.1 (−.22, .01) |
| Conduct | −.26 (−.88, .35) | Ref | −.09 (−.63, .44) | −.14 (−.81, .53) | .18 (−.27, .63) | Ref | .16 (−.45, .77) | −.16 (−.33, .01) |
| Age 14 y sociobehavioral adjustment | β (95% CI) | Ref | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | Ref | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) |
| Aff | .11 (−.88, 1.1) | Ref | .32 (−.55, 1.19) | .72 (−.39, 1.84) | .21 (−.53, .95) | Ref | 1.03 (.02, 2.05) | −.29 (−.58, 0) |
| Anx | −.27 (−.82, .28) | Ref | −.01 (−.5, .47) | .04 (−.58, .66) | −.44 (−.85, −.03) | Ref | .31 (−.26, .87) | −.12 (−.28, .04) |
| Som | −.11 (−.69, .48) | Ref | −.03 (−.54, .49) | .39 (−.27, 1.05) | −.23 (−.67, .21) | Ref | −.29 (−.89, .32) | −.13 (−.3, .04) |
| Attn Def | −.67 (−1.45, .1) | Ref | .35 (−.33, 1.03) | .37 (−.51, 1.24) | .09 (−.5, .67) | Ref | 1.11 (.31, 1.92)b | −.47 (−.7, −.24)b |
| Opp Def | −.47 (−1.02, .07) | Ref | −.05 (−.53, .42) | −.23 (−.84, .38) | −.22 (−.63, .19) | Ref | .21 (−.35, .77) | −.19 (−.35, −.03) |
| Conduct | −.21 (−.94, .52) | Ref | .48 (−.16, 1.12) | .69 (−.13, 1.51) | −.4 (−.94, .15) | Ref | .32 (−.44, 1.07) | −.16 (−.38, .05) |
| Age 13 y eating attitudes | β (95% CI) | Ref | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | Ref | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) |
| Total | 1.85 (−.04, 3.74) | Ref | .36 (−1.33, 2.05) | 1.93 (−.18, 4.04) | 1.37 (−.03, 2.78) | Ref | 1.56 (−.4, 3.53) | .18 (−.38, .74) |
| Dieting | .58 (−.48, 1.63) | Ref | .71 (−.23, 1.66) | 2.12 (.94, 3.3)b | .14 (−.65, .93) | Ref | 1.37 (.27, 2.48) | −.11 (−.43, .2) |
| Bulimia | .39 (−.16, .95) | Ref | −.31 (−.81, .18) | −.67 (−1.29, −.04) | .63 (.22, 1.05)b | Ref | .05 (−.54, .63) | .1 (−.06, .27) |
| Oral control | .88 (.04, 1.72) | Ref | −.03 (−.78, .72) | .48 (−.46, 1.41) | .6 (−.02, 1.23) | Ref | .15 (−.73, 1.02) | .19 (−.06, .44) |
| Age 17 y eating attitudes | β (95% CI) | Ref | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | Ref | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) |
| Total | −.91 (−3.45, 1.63) | Ref | .2 (−2.18, 2.58) | .28 (−2.6, 3.16) | 1.7 (−.23, 3.64) | Ref | 4.58 (1.92, 7.24)b | −.32 (−1.11, .47) |
| Dieting | −.63 (−2.19, .93) | Ref | −.07 (−1.53, 1.39) | .73 (−1.04, 2.5) | 1.04 (−.16, 2.24) | Ref | 2.51 (.87, 4.15)b | −.14 (−.63, .34) |
| Bulimia | −.33 (−1.08, .43) | Ref | −.24 (−.95, .47) | −.82 (−1.68, .04) | .27 (−.32, .86) | Ref | .79 (−.01, 1.6) | .05 (−.19, .28) |
| Oral control | .04 (−1.01, 1.1) | Ref | .51 (−.47, 1.5) | .37 (−.82, 1.56) | .39 (−.42, 1.2) | Ref | 1.27 (.17, 2.38) | −.23 (−.55, .1) |
Aff = affective problems; Anx = anxiety problems; Attn Def = attention deficit problems; Br class = breast development class; CI = confidence interval; Conduct = conduct problems; Opp Def = oppositional defiant problems; OR = odds ratio; PH class = pubic hair development class; Ref = reference; Som = somatic problems.
Pattern of risk behavior initiation estimates are adjusted odds ratios from multinomial logistic regression. All other estimates are beta coefficients from linear regression. Models adjusted for household asset ownership at age 0–2 y, household asset ownership at age 7 y, childhood stress exposure, and companion variables for each measure.
Association significant given 10% false discovery rate.