Fig. 1.

Nuclear expression of Ser81‐phosphorylated AR (pS81) in metastatic PCa rapid biopsy and in PCa xenografts is correlated with AR transactivation. (A) AR and pS81 staining based on rapid autopsied PCa samples collected from indicated metastatic sites of a PCa patient having received anti‐androgen treatment. Scale bars: 25 μm. (B) AR and pS81 staining of VCaP (upper panels) and LAPC4 (lower panels) xenografts through castration and progression to CRPC. Pre: pre‐castration; Cas: castration for 4 days; CRPC: recurrent CRPC [32]. Scale bars: 25 μm. (C) Real‐time RT‐PCR analysis of KLK2 expression in representative mice bearing VCaP and LAPC4 xenografts, respectively. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined by one‐way ANOVA; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.