Figure 3.

PHD inhibitors and butyrate increase 2-OG. (a) PHD enzymatic reaction of O₂ and 2-OG converted to CO₂ and succinate in order to hydroxylate HIF-α proline residues. Inhibition of PHD results in increased 2-OG. (b) 2-OG concentrations in T84 cells treated with 10 mM butyrate with or without 1 mM MCPA or 30 μM IOX2 for 3 h (n = 4–5, error bars: SEM, ns not significant, * p < .05, ** p < .01, **** p < .0001 by 1-way ANOVA, Fisher’s multiple comparison)