Table 3.
Examples of studies reporting effects of Parabacteroides distasonis (PD) on non-intestinal health
| Disease of Interest | Study Model | Study Effect/Type of Association | Effect/PMID |
|---|---|---|---|
| Necrotizing fasciitis (NF)128 Muscular |
Patient of study diagnosed with HIV. Fournier’s Gangrene Polymicrobial mixture isolated from a patient’s tissue culture. Computerized tomographic imaging | Opportunistic/polymicrobial mixture found in perineal and scrotal abscess included PD. | Aggravator |
| Oral Health and Patients with Acrylic partial dentures129 Digestive |
Patients lacking teeth and using prosthetic treatments. Microbial culture using Schaedler K3 solid medium with 5% sheep blood at 37°C after use of active toothpaste containing propolis and tee tree oil-containing hygienic agent versus control group. | PD isolated from some patients before and on day 7 of trial using tested toothpaste. Authors stated that PD was “eliminated” after use of active toothpaste. | N/A |
| Obesity, Hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, Intestinal Gluconeogenesis106 Digestive/Endocrine |
Obese mouse models modulating gut microbiota. In vivo assays that validate beneficial effects of PD. The bacterial 16s rRNA regions V3 and V4 were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq PE250. The primers F341 and R806 were used. | PD associated with reduced weight gain, decrease of hyperglycemia, and hepatic steatosis in obese and high-fat (HDF)-fed mice. PD is lower in patients that are obese. Improved glucose homeostasis and obesity-related abnormalities. | Protective |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes109 | Human, fecal samples | GDM is associated with metabolic disorder phenotypes (obesity, low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance). PD has high abundance in women with GDM. Suggested as part of gut microbiota signature for GDM. | PositiveCorrelation (Aggravator?) |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)130 Nervous System |
ALS-prone Sod1 transgenic (Sod1-Tg) mouse models. 16s rDNA sequencing was performed on region V4 using a Illumina MiSeq kit with 2 × 250 BP pair-ended sequencing. | PD reportedly exacerbates ALS symptoms whereas other bacteria such as Akkermansia muciniphila (AM) improves ALS symptoms. | Aggravator |
| Multiple Sclerosis110 Inflammation/Neurological |
Germ-free mouse models. | PD was of less abundance in multiple sclerosis patients. However when introduced to mouse model. PD stimulated anti-inflammatory IL-10-expressing human CD4+ CD25 + T cells and IL-10+ FoxP3+ Tregs in mouse models. | Protective |
| Ankylosing spondylitis113 Inflammation/Autoimmune disorder |
Fecal microbial metagenomic analysis of patients. | PD along with other microbiota found in Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. May be a trigger of autoimmunity via molecular mimicry. | Aggravator |
| Alopecia Areata117 Autoimmune disorder |
16S rRNA sequencing of stool samples. | Alopecia areata is T-cell mediated autoimmune disease and gut microbiota has been identified as key modulator of this disease. PD could be used as potential diagnostic tools due to its enriched presence in stool samples. | Aggravator |
| Autism spectrum disorders127 Developmental Disorder |
Metagenomic analysis of fecal specimens of children. | There were decreases in the average abundance of gut microbiota in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including PD. Gut microbiota can be a neurometabolic signature for ASD transcriptional and metabolomic activity. | N/A |