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. 2021 Jun 18;9:661243. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661243

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Copyright © 2021 Overeem, Chang, Spruit, Roelse and Chuva De Sousa Lopes.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Analysis of TGFβ/BMP signaling in fetal gonads by immunostaining for key (phosphorylated) pathway effectors. (A,B) Immunofluorescence of phosphorylated (p)-SMAD1/5/9 and pSMAD2/3 with DDX4 and POU5F1 in fetal testis of 20 WD (A) and fetal ovary of 18 WD (B). In the testis, pSMAD1/5/9 is localized in SGONs, whereas in the ovary, it is localized to a subset of OGONs. In contrast, pSMAD2 and 3 are present in all cell types of both the ovary and testis. Yellow boxes indicate zoom-in of a PGC, and cyan boxes indicate zoom-in of a GON. Se, St, and Gr annotate Sertoli, stromal, and granulosa cells, respectively. Scale bar indicates 10 μm. (C) A schematic model of active signaling BMP/TGFβ axes in germ cells representing a combination of results from CellphoneDB analysis and differentially expressed gene analysis. Genes upregulated in GONs are depicted in green, while those upregulated in PGCs are depicted in red.