Table 5 –

Association of clinical factors with overall survival in the preoperative renal cell carcinoma population (n = 175) ^a

Factor	N [n deaths]	Univariate		Multivariate
		HR (95% CI)	p value	HR (95% CI)	p value
Age	175	1.23 (0.76–1.98)	0.391
Tumor size	175	2.53 (1.77–3.62)	<0.001	1.13 (0.56–2.29)	0.723
Tumor grade
Grade 2 or low	50 [2]	1
Grade >2 or high	90 [14]	8.42 (1.11–6.41)	0.039
Not available	35
TNM stage
I or II	101 [3]	1
III or IV	74 [16]	11.67 (2.68–5.08)	0.001
Nephrectomy type
Partial	113 [2]	1
Radical	62 [17]	34.8 (4.6–261.6)	<0.001
Surgical margins
Negative	170 [16]	1
Positive	5 [3]	5.18 (2.12–12.6)	<0.001	4.06 (0.75–22)	0.105
SSIGN score	118	3.37 (2.21–5.13)	<0.001	5.04 (2.53–10)	<0.001
New GAG score	175	1.25 (0.97–1.62)	0.080
6s CS	175	0.35 (0.14–0.91)	0.032
6s/(4s + 6s) CS	175	0.62 (0.34–1.14)	0.125
CStot	175	1.34 (1.11–1.62)	0.002	1.51 (1.19–1.93)	<0.001
CS charge	175	0.44 (0.24–0.80)	0.008
${\log }_2\left(\frac{0\text{s}}{\text{Ns}+0\text{s}}\text{HS}\right)$	175	0.80 (0.52–1.22)	0.293

HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; GAG = glycosaminoglycan; SSIGN = Stage, Size, Grade, and Necrosis; CS = chondroitin sulfate; HS = heparan sulfate.

^aIn multivariate analysis, patients with missing data for any of the selected covariates were omitted (n = 57). Continuous variables were centered to the mean and scaled to the standard deviation.