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. 2021 Jun 18;12:696977. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.696977

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Copyright © 2021 Smith, Taylor, Allerton, Brunsgaard, Bowden Davies, Stevenson and West

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mean ± SD time-course changes in plasma GLP-1 (A, B), GLP-1_ACTIVE (C, D) and GIP (E, F) following pre-meal consumption of a WP (red) and PLA preload (black) in lean (A, C, E) and centrally obese (B, D, F) males. Pre-meal treatments were administered 10 min before breakfast (t = −10 min), as indicated by the arrow on the figure. The mixed-nutrient meal was served at t = −0 min and was to be consumed within 15 min. GLP-1 and GIP data were analysed by a mixed-model ANOVA with repeated measures (time and treatment). Time-course GLP-1_ACTIVE data were analysed by a Friedman’s ranks test with pairwise comparison to locate within-group treatment effects, and by a Kruskal–Wallis H test to examine between-group differences. *Denotes a within-group treatment effect (p <0.05).