Fig. 1.

Plant derived vaccines (PDVs), production and mode of action, A. Schematic diagram showing Agrobacterium based plant derived vaccine generation platform. B. Illustration showing different interaction of CoVLP and SARS CoV-2 with host cells, (I) CoVLP expressing spike (S) protein when administered by intramuscular injection produced sufficient amount of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Subsequently induction of interferon γ (IFNγ) and interleukin 4 (IL4) regulates T cell activity; (II) in non-vaccinated individuals SARS CoV-2 spike protein interacts with ACE2 receptor and due to absence of preformed antibodies successfully produce disease; (III) in vaccinated individuals NAbs inactivates SARS CoV-2 and as a result of that virus cannot successfully establish disease. T cells also help in developing antibodies by antibody recall