Fig. 2. Comparison of the root length, rosette leaf number, and flowering time phenotypes in the offspring of spaceflight and ground control plants.

a, b The length of primary roots of seven-day-old seedlings in the successive F₁ and F₃ generations of spaceflight and ground control samples (n > 40 for F1 generation, n > 150 for F3 generation), and the length of primary roots of six-day-old seedlings in the F₂ generation (n > 160); Scale bar indicates 1 cm. c–e The flowering time analysis of the three successive F₁, F₂, and F₃ generations of spaceflight and ground control samples (n > 30 for each generation). The error bar is the standard deviation. An asterisk *indicates a statistically significant difference between the spaceflight and control samples using Student’s two-tailed t-test (p < 0.05).