Table 1.
A rough comparison of the overall performance between this work and previously reported typical ionic skin materials.
| Ionic skin materials | Mechanoresponse | Self-healing | Max. strain (%) | Elastic recovery ratio (%) | Transparency (%) | Air stability | Anti-freezing (°C) | Adhesion | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAAm/salt hydrogel | Softening | None | ~800 | ~100 | >95 | Poor | −17 | None | 6,48,52 |
| ACC/PAA/alginate hydrogel | Softening | 20 min, 100% | >1000 | Poor | Opaque | Poor | None | None | 18 |
| PVA/MXene hydrogel | Softening | Fast, 100% | >3400 | Poor | Opaque | Poor | None | None | 53 |
| PDMAPS/clay hydrogel | Softening | 24 h, 98% | 1500 | NA | 98.8 | Poor | NA | Yes | 11 |
| P(SPMA-r-MMA) organohydrogel | Softening | 3 h, 98.3% | 2636 | ~89 | ~100 | Good | NA | NA | 54 |
| PMMA-r-BA/ionogel | Softening | NA | 850 | 96.1 | 98.5 | Good | NA | NA | 13 |
| PDMAPS ionogel | Softening | 48 h, 100% | >10,000 | 63 | >90 | Good | <−10 | NA | 14 |
| PIL-based ionogel | Stiffening | None | 1390 | 97 | ~95 | Good | −75 | NA | 55 |
| P(MEA-co-IBA) elastomer | Stiffening | 24 h, 30–40% | 1744 | 95 | 90 | Good | −14.4 | Yes | 56 |
| PAA/betaine elastomer | Stiffening | 12 h, 100% | 1600 | 97.9 | 99.7 | Good | −40 | Yes | This work |