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. 2021 Jul 2;11:13754. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93150-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In vitro cytotoxicity and cellular growth assays performed with HCE cells. (a) Cytotoxicity was measured at 24, 48 and 72 h as a function of absorbance in a WST assay. Preparations were used at 1:10, 1:50 and 1:250 dilutions. SDS (0.02%) was used as a positive control (for cytotoxicity) and FBS (10%) as negative control. There are no statistically significant differences between any of the dilutions and the negative control (Mann–Whitney test used) (b) Cell growth was measured as a function of absorbance in a crystal violet elution assay. Absorbance is directly related to the cell density on the plates. Cells grown in either FBS (control), CBED or AMED have no statistically significant differences in cell densities after 24, 48 and 72 h of culture (2-way multiple comparison ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test used).