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. 2021 Jul 2;11:13766. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93216-6

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© The Author(s) 2021, corrected publication 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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DNA methylation of sDMRs and proximal sDEGs expression during development. (a) Methylation levels of sDMRs and expression levels of proximal sDEGs for sDMRs associated with a single sDEG (4–6 females and 4–6 males at E14.5, 7 females and 4 males at 4 weeks, and 4 females and 6 males at 8 weeks of age); (b) Left panel, methylation levels of sDMRs with several proximal sDEGs. Right panel, log10 fold difference in gene expression between females and males from dataset GSE34782⁹. (c) Methylation levels of sDMRs and expression levels of proximal genes that did not reach the threshold for sDEG. Location of the sDMR with respect to genomic features is noted as: Int—intron; Ex—exon, EnhD—distal enhancer; CTCF—CTCF-bound region. Error bars show standard deviation. Statistically significant differences between sexes are shown with asterisks *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001 (two-way ANOVA followed by multiple testing with Sidak’s correction).