Figure 4.

Transcription factors associated with sDMRs. (a) HOMER motif analysis results for autosomal sDMRs associated with sex phenotype identified in the XY.F versus XY.M comparison (n = 3847)⁶, as well as male-biased (n = 3414) and female-biased (n = 433) sDMRs, separately. Number, reflected as color intensity, represents the motif enrichment level, i.e. the difference between the observed frequency (in %) in sDMRs less the frequency in randomly generated background regions. Only motifs with relative frequencies observed in sDMR higher than expected relative frequencies in randomly generated background regions were shown. (b) Developmental expression profiles of genes encoding TFs. Heatmap shows the log2 of fold differences between C57BL/6J females and males (ratio female over male expression) at different ages. Asterisks indicate statistically significant sex difference. (c) Relative expression levels of genes encoding TFs normalized to Rpl19 in XY hermaphrodites and their littermates at 8 weeks of age. Error bars show standard deviation. Statistically significant differences are shown with asterisks *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns: non-significant (one-way ANOVA, followed by multiple testing with Tuckey’s correction for comparisons to the XY.MT group).