Protoporphyrin-IX binding to BSA enhances the oxidizing ability of PP-IX.A, PP-IX (25 μM) was incubated with increasing concentrations of BSA at the indicated pH, and the quantum yield (Φ) of PP-IX was plotted as a function of BSA concentration. The data was fitted to a hyperbola (smooth line) using GraphPad Prism 8. B, absorbance spectra of FMN (22 μM), BSA (50 μM) + FMN (22 μM), PP-IX (5 μM) + FMN, and BSA (5 μM) + PP-IX (5 μM) + FMN (22 μM). Displayed data is representative of three independent experiments. C, percent change in the absorbance at 370 and 450 nm of the different BSA + FMN + PP-IX mixtures with respect to FMN was plotted as a function of BSA concentration. Panels A and C show the average of three independent experiments ± standard deviation.