FIGURE 6.

Human tEV‐specific immunity is stimulated by SyBV to a greater extent than other commercial adjuvants, whereas human tEV alone do not affect the immunity. (a) Study design for the evaluation of the immunogenicity of human tEV and SyBV (left panel). Mice were i.p. injected with human tEV (5 × 10⁹) and/or SyBV (5 × 10⁹) three times at weekly intervals, and then the human tEV‐specific IgG titre was measured in the blood (right panel; n = 5). (b) The level of human tEV‐specific IgG_2a titer in the blood from mice immunized with human tEV and/or SyBV (n = 5). (c) Comparison of the adjuvant activity of SyBV to that of other traditional adjuvants in terms of induction of human tEV‐specific IgG (n = 5). (d–f) The level of human tEV‐specific CD4⁺ T cell‐derived TNF‐α (d), IFN‐γ (e), and IL‐4 (f) after CD4⁺ T cells were isolated from immunized spleens (three independent samples). g, Body temperature measured over the course of immunization with human tEV and/or SyBV (n = 4). (h‐k) The number of leukocytes (h) and platelets (i) and the level of TNF‐α (j) and IL‐6 (k) measured in the blood on day 7 after immunization with human tEV and/or SyBV for 3 weeks (n = 4). Throughout, data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. ^*** P < 0.001; ns, not significant; by two‐way ANOVA with Tukey's post test versus the sham group (a–g); by one‐way ANOVA with Tukey's post test versus the sham group (h–k)