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. 2021 Jun 23;29:100372. doi: 10.1016/j.jbo.2021.100372

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© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 2 — Effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on osteosarcoma (OS) cells and cellular communication. MSCs promote OS cells mainly through the cross-talk of tumor parenchymal cells, stromal cells (differentiated into carcinoma-associated-fibroblasts), cytokines, and chemokines in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, the communication of MSCs with OS cells in the tumor microenvironment is essential; they do so mainly via secreting extracellular vesicles (mainly composed of microvesicles and exosomes), regulating cytokines, signaling pathways, immunoregulation, and miRNA.