Fig. 3.

Clinical application prospects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs). MSCs and their secreted EVs can serve as excellent carriers of drugs, genes, and proteins. Under the effect of homing in vivo, the loaded cargo can be delivered to the tumorigenesis site for targeted therapy. MSCs or EVs as carriers have been used in the treatment of colon, liver, lung, and breast cancers, as well as other tumors. However, there is a large gap in the current research on osteosarcoma treatment, and more research is needed to support investigation into the treatment of osteosarcoma.