Table 1.
Author/year | Species | Age | Weight | Sex | N | Animal model | Type of MSCs | Cell passage number | Number of cells | Number of cells/kg | The way of administration | Frequency of injection | Time of injection | Treatment duration | Quantification of new bone | Combination treatment | Cellular fate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li et al., 2019 [38] | SD rats | 12w | 250–300g | Female | 16 | Tibia bone defect | BMSCs | N | 3 × 104 | 1–1.2 × 105/kg | Tail vein | Once | At the same time of transplantation | 4w 8w | Percentage of new bone area, BV/TV, BMD | Erythropoietin | Homing to the defect areas |
Liu et al., 2014 [37] | Beagle dogs | 3–4y | 8.5–10kg | Female | 4 | Mandibular defect | BMSCs | P3 | 3.4–4 × 109 | 4 × 108/kg | Bone marrow cavity | Once | At the same time of transplantation | 6w | Width of new bone region, mineralized bone area percent | N | Homing to the mandibular defect |
Wu et al., 2016 [36] | Balb-c mice | 6–8w | N | Male | 4 | Periapical lesion | hDPSCs | P4 | 2 × 106 | N | Tail vein | Once | After 14 days of pulp exposure | 14d | BV/TV | Hypoxic preconditioning | Homing to periapical lesion |
Xu et al., 2014 [39] | C57BL/6 mice | 7w | N | Male | 18 | Mandibular defect | GMSCs | P5 | 1 × 106 | N | Tail vein | Once | At the same time of transplantation | 2/3w | New bone area | N | Homing to the bone defect |
Cheung et al., 2013 [49] | SD rats | 3m | N | Female | 5 | Unilateral closed femoral fractures | MSCs | N | 4 × 105 | N | Left ventricle injection | Once | After 3 days of fracture | 1/2/3/4w | Mean average callus width/area, BV/TV | Low intensity pulsed ultrasound | Homing to the fracture site |
Huang et al., 2015 [51] | FVB/N mice | 8w | 25–35g | Male | 10 | Open transverse femoral fracture | BMSCs | P4-P8 | 5 × 105 | 1.4–2 × 107/kg | Left ventricle injection | Once | After 4 days of fracture | 5w | BV/TV, mean density of BV | N | Nitially trapped in lungs for about 8–9 days and then gradually redistributed to the fracture site |
Jiang et al., 2019 [55] | C57BL/6 mice | 6w | N | Female | 12 | Stabilized femur fracture | BMSCs | N | 1 × 105 | N | Tail vein | Once | At the same time of transplantation | 2w | BMD, BV, Bone bass | Parathyroid hormone 1–34 | Homing to bone callus |
Myers et al., 2012 [58] | Mice | N | N | N | 7 | Fracture model | BMSCs | ≤P5 | 1 × 106 | N | Tail vein | Once | After fracture | 2w | New bone area | Insulin-like growth factor | Homing to the site of injury |
Rapp et al., 2015 [56] | C57BL/6 mice | 12w | N | Male | 6 | Fracture model | BMSCs | P4-P6 | 1 × 106 | N | Tail vein | Twice | After 2 h of fracture | 21d | BV/TV | N | Recruiting into the evolving fracture callus and the transgene was also detected in the lung, heart, liver and kidneys |
Tanriverdi et al., 2020 [53] | Wistar-albino rats | 10–12w | 300–350g | N | 7 | Polytrauma model | BMSCs | P3 | 3–3.5 × 105 | 1 × 106/kg | IV injection | Twice | After 36 h or 5 days of fracture | 21d | areas for bone | N | N |
Wang et al., 2018 [54] | C57BL/6 mice | 8–10w | N | Male | 5 | Unilateral transverse femur fracture | BMSCs | P3-P4 | 1 × 106 | N | Tail vein | Once | After 1 or 7 or 14 days of facture | 2w/6w | BV/TV, BMD | N | Arriving at a fracture site via the lung |
Weaver et al., 2010 [50] | Sprague-dawley rats | 6m | N | Male | 13 | Femur fractures | BMSCs | N | 1 × 105 | N | Tail vein | Once | Before the first application of axial displacement | 10/24/48d | BMD | N | Migrating to the femora |
Wilson et al., 2012 [48] | Swine | 6m | 60–80kg | Male | 5 | Mandible defect | ADSCs | N | 5 × 106 | 6.25–8.3 × 104/kg | Ear vein | Once | At the same time of transplantation | 4w | BMD, BMC | N | Travelling to the site of injury |
Yao et al., 2016 [52] | Mice | 2m | N | Both | 8–16 | Closed transverse diaphyseal fracture | ADSCs | N | 3 × 105 | N | Tail vein | Once | After 1 day of fracture | 42d | BMD | LLP2A-Alendronate | Homing to the fracture gaps |
Chen et al., 2017 [47] | SD rats | 7w | 180–220g | Female | 10 | Osteoporosis | BMSCs | P3 | 5–6.2 × 105 | 2.8 × 106/kg | Tail vein | Once | After 2 months of making osteoporosis models | 2w | BMD | N | N |
An et al., 2013 [46] | Balb-c nude mice | 10w | N | Female | 8 | OVX-induced bone loss | UCB-MSCs | P6-8 | 4 × 105 | N | Tail vein | 4 times | After 1, 2, 8, and 9 days of OVX surgery | 4w/8w | BMD, BV/TV | N | N |
Kiernan et al., 2016 [44] | C57BL/6 mice and BALB/c backcross | N | N | Female | 8 | Sca-1 knock out (type II osteoporosis) | BMSCs | P1 | 2 × 106 | N | Tail vein | Once | N | 6m | BV/TV | N | Detected in the long bones and the majority of donor signal was found in the lungs, liver, and spleen |
Kumar et al., 2010 [45] | C57BL/6 mice | 6w | N | Female | 10 | OVX-induced bone loss | BMSCs | P4-8 | 2 × 106 | N | Tail vein | 5 times | After 5 consecutive days of surgery | 5w/10W/15w | BMD | BMP-2 | Homing of the transplanted cells to bone marrow accompanied by reduction in the number of cells homing to other tissues including lung, liver, kidney and lymph node |
Li et al., 2013 [57] | Swine | 12m | 30–40kg | Male | 5 | Bisphosphonate-Related Jaw Osteonecrosis | BMSCs | N | 1 × 106 | 2.5–3.3 × 104/kg | Ear vein | Once | After 8 weeks of tooth extractions | 12w | Mean area of osteoid | N | Homing to bone |
Sui et al., 2016 [40] | C57BL/6 mice | 12w | 20–22g | Female | 4 | Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis | BMSCs | N | 1 × 106 | 4.5–5 × 107/kg | IV injection | Once | After 7 days of GIOP injection | 5W | BV/TV,BMD | N | Homing to recipient bone marrow within 24 h postinfusion and engrafted for at least 4 weeks postinfusion |
Sui et al., 2018 [41] | C57BL/6 mice | 12w | N | Female | 5 | OVX-induced bone loss | BMSCs | N | 1 × 107 | N | IV injection | Once | After 4 weeks of surgery | 4W | BV/TV | N | Less than 5% of the total gonadectomy marrow area in the first 24 h and declined to only approximately 2% at the end of the observation period |
Wang et al., 2020 [42] | C57BL/6 mice and Balb/c mice | N | N | Female | 7 | OVX-induced bone loss | Uterine stem cell-derived osteoprogenitor cells | N | 1 × 105 | N | Tail vein | 8 times | Once a week up to a total of 8 weeks after ovariectomy surgery | 6w | BMD, BV/TV, | N | Homing to the femoral head |
Yao et al., 2013 [43] | C57BL/6 mice | 2m | N | Female | 8–14 | OVX-induced bone loss | BMSCs | N | 5 × 105 | N | IV injection | Once |
After 2 weeks of OVX surgery 24-week old or 24-month old mice |
6w | BV of LVB | Synthetic peptidomimetic ligand | Homing to bone marrow and bone surface |
BMSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; BV/TV, bone volume (BV) to tissue volume (TV); BMD, bone mineral density; hDPSCs, human dental pulp stem cells; IV, intravenous; ADSCs, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; BMC, bone mineral content; UCB-MSCs, umbilical cord blood, mesenchymal stem cells; OVX, ovariectomy; LVB, lumbar vertebral body