Table 3.
Decomposition of the socioeconomic inequality in adequate (≥ 3) uptake of IPTp-SP among pregnant women in Nigeria, 2018
| Variables | Marginal effect | Elasticities | Ck | Contribution to Cn | Percentage contribution (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute | Summed | |||||
| Age group | ||||||
| 15–24 (ref) | ||||||
| 25–34 | 0.007*** | 0.009 | 0.017 | 0.000 | ||
| 35–49 | 0.010*** | 0.012 | 0.007 | 0.000 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 0.012*** | 0.031 | − 0.059 | − 0.001 | − 0.001 | − 1.90 |
| Others (ref) | ||||||
| Level of education (women) | ||||||
| No formal education (ref) | ||||||
| Primary | − 0.017*** | − 0.009 | − 0.096 | 0.001 | ||
| Secondary | − 0.015*** | − 0.023 | 0.197 | − 0.003 | ||
| Tertiary | − 0.021*** | − 0.009 | 0.459 | − 0.003 | ||
| Level of education (husband) | ||||||
| No formal education (ref) | ||||||
| Primary | 0.003*** | 0.002 | − 0.097 | 0.000 | ||
| Secondary | 0.052** | 0.067 | 0.173 | 0.008 | ||
| Tertiary | 0.054** | 0.033 | 0.395 | 0.010 | 0.018 | 20.01 |
| Wealth index of households | ||||||
| Poorest (ref) | ||||||
| Poorer | − 0.075* | − 0.056 | − 0.437 | 0.018 | ||
| Middle | − 0.091* | − 0.068 | − 0.437 | 0.022 | ||
| Richer | − 0.078* | − 0.064 | 0.563 | − 0.026 | ||
| Richest | − 0.083* | − 0.070 | 0.563 | − 0.029 | − 0.016 | − 25.90 |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Unemployed (ref) | ||||||
| Employed | − 0.015*** | − 0.038 | 0.018 | − 0.001 | − 0.001 | − 0.84 |
| Religion | ||||||
| Christian (ref) | ||||||
| Muslim | 0.035*** | 0.072 | − 0.129 | − 0.007 | ||
| Others | − 0.139 | − 0.003 | − 0.147 | 0.000 | − 0.006 | − 10.57 |
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban | − 0.024*** | − 0.042 | 0.282 | − 0.009 | − 0.009 | − 14.28 |
| Rural (ref) | ||||||
| Geopolitical zone | ||||||
| North-Central (ref) | ||||||
| North-East | − 0.073* | − 0.045 | − 0.235 | 0.008 | ||
| North-West | − 0.091* | − 0.102 | − 0.206 | 0.016 | ||
| South-East | 0.249 | 0.113 | 0.180 | 0.015 | ||
| South-South | 0.070* | 0.031 | 0.228 | 0.005 | ||
| South-West | − 0.014*** | − 0.009 | 0.351 | − 0.002 | 0.041 | 67.38 |
| Distance to health facility (big problem) | − 0.029** | − 0.029 | − 0.175 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 6.17 |
| Permission for self-medical help (big problem) | 0.005*** | 0.002 | − 0.106 | 0.000 | 0.000 | − 0.31 |
| Number of ANC visits (≥ 4 times) | 0.068* | 0.151 | 0.148 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 26.92 |
| Sum | 0.041 | 66.67 | ||||
| Residual | 0.020 | 33.33 | ||||
| Total Cn | 0.061 | 100.00 | ||||
The percentage of contributions was calculated by dividing the specific “summed” contribution by the absolute values of Cn and multiplying by 100. The sum of all the percentage contributions should add up to 100 percent. The value 0.00 is not zero but due to rounding; Marginal effects were calculated at the means of the predictor variables
IPTp-SP intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine, ANC antenatal care
*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1