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. 2021 Jul 2;12:381. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02465-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Sox9-expressing cells contribute to the regeneration of the lung after radiation. A Top: the experimental design for the control and radiation groups. Bottom: representative IHC staining images of Sox9 in the control group (left) and radiation damage group (right) of Sox9^CreER mice. Lung tissues were collected 3 days after radiation treatment. n = 3. Scale bar, 100 μm. B Top: the experimental design for Sox9⁺ cell lineage tracing for the control and radiation groups. Bottom: representative images of lineage tracing in lung tissue sections under homeostatic conditions. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Lung tissues were collected 3 and 30 days after radiation treatment. n = 3. Scale bar, 50 μm. C The experimental design for Sox9⁺ cell lineage tracing of Sox9^CreER; Rosa^tdTomato mice after treatment with radiation. Before treatment, the mice were injected with tamoxifen (Tam). Mice were sacrificed 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after radiation treatment. n = 3. D Representative images of Sox9⁺ cell-driven lineage tracing in bronchi of Sox9^CreER; Rosa^tdTomato mice after radiation injury (left). Percentage of CC10⁺/tdTomato⁺ cells was assessed (right). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 as determined by unpaired Student’s t test. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Lung tissues were collected 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after radiation treatment. n = 3. Scale bar, 50 μm. E Representative images of Sox9⁺ cell lineage tracing in the alveoli of Sox9^CreER; Rosa^tdTomato mice after radiation injury. Percentage of PDPN⁺/tdTomato⁺ cells was assessed (right). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 as determined by unpaired Student’s t test. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Lung tissues were collected 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after radiation treatment. n = 3. Scale bar, 50 μm. F Representative images of H&E staining in the lung tissue of normal controls and radiation patients. Scale bar, 100 μm. G Representative IHC staining images of Sox9 in normal lung tissue (left), after lung tissue damaged by radiation (middle) and lung cancer tissue (right) in patients. Scale bar, 50 μm