Table 3.

Geometric Mean Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) of Biomarkers of Potential Harm by Tobacco Use Status, using Never Tobacco Use as Reference Group, PATH Study Wave 1, 2013–2014

	Primary STa Usersb	Secondary STa Usersc	Exclusive Cigarette Smokers	Dual Users of Cigarettes and STa	Former Smokers and Never STa Users	Never Tobacco Users
IL-6d	n=57	n=212	n=1775	n=110	n=184	n=931
	1.15 (0.92, 1.43)	1.06 (0.94, 1.20)	1.27 (1.16, 1.38)	1.35 (1.15, 1.60)	1.01 (0.88, 1.16)	1
hs-CRPe	n=57	n=217	n=1838	n=111	n=192	n=953
	1.17 (0.79, 1.74)	0.95 (0.76, 1.19)	1.31 (1.12, 1.53)	1.22 (0.85, 1.75)	0.91 (0.70, 1.18)	1
Fibrinogen	n=52	n=205	n=1782	n=105	n=185	n=928
	0.99 (0.90, 1.08)	0.96 (0.90, 1.01)	1.05 (1.01, 1.08)	1.05 (0.99, 1.11)	0.99 (0.94, 1.05)	1
sICAM-1f	n=57	n=212	n=1806	n=111	n=191	n=943
	1.07 (0.98, 1.17)	1.06 (0.99, 1.14)	1.29 (1.23, 1.35)	1.30 (1.21, 1.39)	0.99 (0.91, 1.07)	1
F2-isoprostaneg	n=57	n=215	n=1827	n=110	n=189	n=948
	1.08 (0.89, 1.30)	1.04 (0.93, 1.16)	1.47 (1.37, 1.57)	1.35 (1.17, 1.54)	1.13 (1.01, 1.25)	1

Geometric mean ratios are adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, urbanicity, cardiovascular disease risk factors, gum disease, BMI; and creatinine for F2-isoprostane

^aST products: pouched snus, loose snus, moist snuff, dip, spit and chewing tobacco

^bPrimary ST users = using ST regularly, every day or some days, not using any other tobacco products, no NRT use in the past three days, and never smoked in their lifetime.

^cSecondary ST users = using ST regularly, every day or some days, not using any other tobacco products, no NRT use in the past three days, and smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime but not smoking currently.

^dIL-6: Interleukin-6

^ehs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein

^fsICAM-1: soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1

^gF2-isoprostane was measured as the 8-isoprostane (8-PGF2a) isomer