TABLE 1.
Demographics & characteristics of patients included in analysis
| On Oxygen | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uninfected | Asymptomatic | Moderate Disease: Without Oxygen | Moderate Disease: With Oxygen | Severe Disease | P‐value | |
| (n = 15) | (n = 9) | (n = 20) | (n = 20) | (n = 35) | ||
| Age (median, IQR) | 51 (34.0 – 61.0) | 39.0 (37.0‐71.0) | 49.5 (34.5‐59.5) | 64.0 (50.5‐81.8) | 63.0 (53.8‐71.0) | 0.0027 |
| Sex (total, %) | 0.9722 | |||||
| Male | 7 (46.7%) | 5 (55.6%) | 9 (45.0%) | 11 (55%) | 18 (51.4%) | |
| Female | 8 (53.3%) | 4 (44.4%) | 11 (55.0%) | 9 (45.0%) | 17 (48.6%) | |
| Race (total, %) | 0.2039 | |||||
| Asian | 0 (0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (5.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Black or African American | 5 (33.3%) | 3 (33.3%) | 5 (25.0%) | 6 (27.3%) | 5 (14.3%) | |
| White | 9 (60.0%) | 6 (66.7%) | 8 (40.0%) | 8 (40.0%) | 18 (51.4%) | |
| Other | 1 (6.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (30.0%) | 6 (30.0%) | 12 (34.3%) | |
| Ethnicity (total, %) | 0.0392 | |||||
| Hispanic | 1 (6.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (30.0%) | 6 (30.0%) | 14 (40.0%) | |
| Non‐Hispanic | 14 (93.3%) | 9 (100.0%) | 14 (70.0%) | 14 (70.0%) | 21 (60.0%) | |
| BMI (median, IQR) | 25.32 (23.3‐29.6) | 23.4 (22.2‐ 37.6) | 29.7 (24.7‐32.9) | 33.0 (26.6‐38.5) | 33.8 (27.4‐41.8) | 0.0022 |
| BMI classification (total, %) | ||||||
| Below 18.5 (underweight) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (5.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| 18.5 to 24.9 (normal) | 6 (40.0%) | 6 (66.7%) | 4 (20.0%) | 3 (15.0%) | 4 (11.4%) | |
| 25.0 to 29.9 (overweight) | 6 (40.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (25.0%) | 4 (20.0%) | 8 (22.9%) | |
| 30.0 to 34.9 (class I obesity) | 1 (6.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (35.0%) | 4 (20.0%) | 6 (17.1%) | |
| 35.0 to 39.9 (class II obesity) | 2 (13.3%) | 1 (11.1%) | 3 (15.0%) | 4 (20.0%) | 5 (14.3%) | |
| 40.0 + ‐ (class III obesity) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (22.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (25.0%) | 12 (34.3%) | |
| Comorbidities (total, %) | ||||||
| HTN | 4 (26.7%) | 2 (22.2%) | 8 (40.0%) | 12 (60.0%) | 18 (51.4%) | 0.1737 |
| Diabetes (type 1 or 2) | 3 (20.0%) | 1 (11.1%) | 8 (40.0%) | 5 (25.0%) | 19 (54.3%) | 0.0398 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1 (6.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (5.0%) | 4 (20.0%) | 4 (11.4%) | 0.5425 |
| Chronic renal insufficiency | 1 (6.7%) | 2 (22.2%) | 4 (20.0%) | 6 (30.0%) | 4 (11.4%) | 0.3235 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 5 (33.3%) | 2 (22.2%) | 5 (25.0%) | 7 (35.0%) | 14 (40.0%) | 0.7886 |
| Heart failure (systolic or diastolic) | 1 (6.7%) | 1 (11.1%) | 1 (5.0%) | 2 (10.0%) | 5 (14.3%) | 0.8747 |
| COPD | 1 (6.7%) | 2 (22.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (5.0%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0.1381 |
| WHO Peak Score (Median, IQR) | N/A | 4 for all | 4 for all | 5 for all | 7.0 (6.0‐10) | |
| Mortality (total, %) | N/A | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 11.0 (31.4%) | |
| Treatment | ||||||
| Antimicrobials | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (25.0%) | 3 (15.0%) | 8 (22.9%) | ||
| Steroids | 3 (33.3%) | 4 (20.0%) | 8 (40.0%) | 34 (97.1%) | ||
| Non‐steroid immune suppressants | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (5.0%) | 11 (31.4%) | ||
| Anti‐viral therapy | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 12 (60.0%) | 32 (91.4%) | ||
| Convalescent plasma | 1 (11.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 10 (50.0%) | 24 (68.6%) | ||
| Anticoagulant (therapeutic only)** | 2 (22.2%) | 4 (20.0%) | 2 (10.0%) | 18 (51.4%) | ||
| Time from symptom onset to hospital admission (days) (median, IQR) | N/A | N/A | 7.0 (3.0‐11.0) | 6.5 (4.0‐10.0) | 6.0 (4.0‐9.0) | 0.9319 |
| Time from symptom onset to first draw (days) (median, IQR) | N/A | N/A | 9.0 (5.8‐14.0) | 9.5 (6.0‐12.3) | 11.0 (8.0‐15.0) | 0.1882 |
| Length of hospitalization (days) (median, IQR) | N/A | N/A | 3.0 (2.8 – 4.3) | 8.0 (5.8 ‐10.5) | 17.0 (13.0‐23.0) | 1.1e‐8 |
| Lab data (within 24 h of first draw) (median, IQR) | ||||||
| White blood cell count, count x 1000/μl | 7.7 (5.8‐8.4) | 5.8 (4.1‐8.2) | 5.7 (4.5‐10.4) | 10.0 (7.3‐14.2) | 0.0011 | |
| Lymphocytes, percentage | 27.5 (22.8‐33.3) | 23.5 (13.0‐29.0) | 20.0 (8.5‐26.5) | 9.0 (5.0‐11.0) | 1.6e‐5 | |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.7 (0.7‐0.9) | 0.9 (0.6‐1.2) | 0.89 (0.7‐1.2) | 0.9 (0.8‐1.3) | 0.5724 | |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, units/L | 214.5 (170.5‐287.0) | 394.5 (335.0‐470.2) | 416.0 (347.0‐551.0) | 0.0005 | ||
| Ferritin, ng/ml | 365.0 (246.5‐736.5) | 416.0 (300.0‐562.2) | 515.0 (282.0‐879.0) | 0.5016 | ||
| D‐dimer, ng/ml | 674.0 (418.5‐951.5) | 592.0 (425.0‐676.0) | 1388.0 (820.0‐3885) | 1.8e‐4 | ||
| C‐reactive protein, mg/dl | 3.1 (2.1‐6.9) | 8.93 (5.4‐15.2) | 9.5 (2.8‐18.3) | 0.0307 | ||
| Number of samples used for various assays | ||||||
| Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis | 15+6* | 9 | 20 | 20 | 21 | |
| LEVs Olink Analysis (n) | 6* | 6 | 13 | 14 | 9 | |
| SEVs Olink Analysis (n) | 15+ 6* | 9 | 15 | 15 | 15 | |
| Apoptosis assay using EVs (n) | 15+5* | 9 | 15 | 15 | 15 | |
| Apoptosis assay using Plasma (n) | 8 | 8 | ||||
| Tissue factor activity assay (n) | 15 | 15 | 19 | 35 | ||
| EN‐RAGE ELISA, UC‐SEVs | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | ||
| SEC‐EVs: Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, EN‐RAGE ELISA, TF ELISA, TF activity | 5* | 5 | 5 | 5 | ||
*Additional 6 un‐infected samples from healthy volunteers were used.
**Patients received at least 24 hours of therapeutic anticoagulation during hospitalization. All patients not receiving therapeutic anticoagulation received an escalated dose of Enoxaparin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis.