Table 2.
Associations of education and income with hazardous drinking 1 year after delivery
| Hazardous drinking/participants | (%) | Model 1 | Model 2a | Model 2b | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Total | 397/11031 | (3.6) | ||||
| Educational attainment | ||||||
| University or higher | 62/3268 | (1.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| College | 150/4263 | (3.5) | 1.89 (1.40–2.55) | 1.65 (1.22–2.24) | 1.62 (1.19–2.22) | |
| High school or lower | 185/3500 | (5.3) | 3.01 (2.25–4.04) | 2.26 (1.67–3.06) | 2.17 (1.59–2.98) | |
| Equivalent household income | ||||||
| ≥4.00 million JPY | 83/2909 | (2.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 3.00–3.99 million JPY | 46/2068 | (2.2) | 0.80 (0.56–1.16) | 0.89 (0.61–1.30) | 0.80 (0.55–1.17) | |
| 2.00–2.99 million JPY | 143/3514 | (4.1) | 1.51 (1.15–1.99) | 1.37 (1.03–1.83) | 1.18 (0.88–1.58) | |
| ≤1.99 million JPY | 125/2540 | (4.9) | 1.87 (1.40–2.49) | 1.42 (1.04–1.94) | 1.12 (0.81–1.54) | |
| Covariates | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| ≤29 years | 101/3226 | (3.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 30–34 years | 153/4211 | (3.6) | 1.17 (0.90–1.51) | 1.34 (1.03–1.76) | 1.28 (0.98–1.67) | 1.37 (1.05–1.79) |
| ≥35 years | 143/3594 | (4.0) | 1.28 (0.99–1.66) | 1.43 (1.09–1.88) | 1.41 (1.07–1.86) | 1.47 (1.12–1.95) |
| Parity | ||||||
| Nulliparous | 128/5270 | (2.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Multiparous | 269/5761 | (4.7) | 1.94 (1.56–2.41) | 1.90 (1.52–2.37) | 1.81 (1.42–2.29) | 1.76 (1.39–2.24) |
| Drinking status during pregnancy | ||||||
| Non-drinking | 328/10330 | (3.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Drinking | 69/701 | (9.8) | 3.30 (2.52–4.34) | 3.15 (2.37–4.19) | 3.13 (2.36–4.17) | 3.15 (2.37–4.19) |
| Work status | ||||||
| Not working | 161/5216 | (3.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Working | 236/5815 | (4.1) | 1.33 (1.08–1.63) | 1.16 (0.94–1.43) | 1.14 (0.92–1.40) | 1.17 (0.95–1.45) |
| Postpartum depression | ||||||
| No | 334/9608 | (3.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 63/1423 | (4.4) | 1.32 (1.00–1.74) | 1.22 (0.92–1.62) | 1.21 (0.91–1.61) | 1.20 (0.90–1.59) |
| Breastfeeding | ||||||
| Yes | 78/6741 | (1.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 319/4290 | (7.4) | 7.05 (5.48–9.07) | 6.75 (5.23–8.71) | 7.07 (5.48–9.11) | 6.72 (5.21–8.67) |
CI, confidence interval; JPY, Japanese yen; OR, odds ratio
Model 1: adjusted for age (for all variables in the table)
Model 2a (for education) and 2b (for income): model 1 + adjusted for parity, drinking status during pregnancy, work status, postpartum depression, and breastfeeding
Model 3: model 2 + adjusted for equivalent household income/educational attainment