FIGURE 4.

CKI inhibits TGF‐β/Smad signaling in hepatic stellate cells. (A) GSEA for TGF‐β pathway enrichment score in CCl₄ versus vehicle group (left) and CCl₄ + CKI versus CCl₄ (right) group. (B and D) Western blot analysis of TGFβR1, TGFβR2, p‐Smad2, total Smad2, p‐Smad3, total Smad3, Smad4, Smad7, and Smurf2 in liver tissue lysates from CCl₄‐treated or MCD diet‐treated mice. (C and E) Quantitative analysis of protein expression of TGFβR1, p‐Smad2, p‐Smad3, and Smad7. (F and G) Representative immunofluorescence staining images of TGFβR1, p‐Smad2/3, and Smad7 of liver sections from CCl₄‐treated or MCD diet‐treated mice (original magnification 20 × 10, scale bar 50 μm). Data are presented as means ± SEM. ns, p > 0.05; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001