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. 2021 Jun 26;15:100855. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100855

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Simplified directed acyclic graph (DAG) showing the single-year cross-lagged structure whereby cognitive function (C), mediating factors (M), labor force participation (L) and time-varying confounders (X) are associated across age (a) 55 to 75. For simplicity, the DAG does not show time-invariant control variables, but these are included in all models.