Table 1.

Risk of Bias

Risk of bias n (%)	SPC interventions (n = 27)	PPC interventions (n = 16)
Low	5	2
Trials	Bakitas et al.3	Lowther et al.53 Northouse et al.54
	Higginson et al.19
	Rummans et al.20
	Temel et al.2
	Zimmermann et al.21
High	14	11
Trials	Aiken et al.28	Chapman et al.63 Dyar et al.32 Engelhardt et al.41 Given et al.29 Grande et al.64 Hughes et al.42 McCorkle et al.65 McCorkle et al.30 Northouse et al.31 Radwany et al.33 Steel et al.66
	Bakitas et al.22
	Brännström et al.55
	Cheung et al.56
	Clark et al.25
	Farquhar et al.57
	Farquhar et al.35
	Hopp et al.58
	Pantilat et al.59
	Rabow et al.60
	Sidebottom et al.26
	Wallen et al.61
	Wong et al.27
	Zimmer et al.62
Unclear	8	3
Trials	Ahronheim et al.67	Gade et al.37 Northouse et al.34 The SUPPORT Investigators38
	Bekelman et al.23
	Brumley et al.68
	Edmonds et al.36
	Grudzen et al.24
	Hanks et al.69
	Jordhøy et al.70
	Kane et al.71

PPC, primary palliative care; SPC, specialty palliative care.