Table 1. Common complications and postoperative management after vasectomy.

Complication	Incidence rate	Notes
Infection and hematoma	0.2%–1.5%/4%–22%	Usually, infections are mild and limited to the incision site. Rare complications such as Fournier gangrene, endocarditis, arteriovenous fistulas, and angiocutaneous fistulas have been reported in very few patients [11,12]. Hematoma appear shortly after surgery [11].
Post-vasectomy pain syndrome	1%–14%	Usually light. Some cases have a negative impact on quality of life and sometimes require pain management or surgery [13].
Sperm granulomas	40%	It may occur 2–3 weeks after surgery at the site of vasectomy or in the epididymis or testicular reticulum [14].
Antisperm antibodies (autoimmune disease)	No increased risk	In men who had undergone a vasectomy, the risk of several immune system-related diseases did not increase for a long time [11].
Prostate cancer	No increased risk	The correlation is weak, and there is no convincing biological mechanism [11].
Sexual dysfunction	No increased risk	Most studies have thus far shown that vasectomy does not affect sexual function or can even improve it.
Cardiovascular disease	No increased risk	Including BMI, cholesterol, triglycerides, protein, albumin, HDL, and globulin ratios [11].
Reproductive hormones	No increased risk	There is no significant changes after vasectomy.
Sperm injury and options for future pregnancy	-	The extent of sperm damage after vasectomy is related to the time since vasectomy; Vasovasostomy and assisted reproductive technology are two main options for couples who want to achieve a pregnancy after vasectomy.
Semen analysis and follow-up care after vasectomy	-	8–16 weeks is an appropriate timeframe; Rest for 24 hours, avoid cycling for 7 days for patients after vasectomy.

BMI: body mass index, HDL: high-density lipoprotein.