Table 3. Studies of possible correlation between vasectomy and risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Authors	Study design	Age range (y)	Total subject	Relative risk (95% CI)	Correlation
Coady et al [70]	Prospective study	45–64	3,957	CVD 1.1 (0.8–1.5)	No
Zhao et al [73]	Case-control study	40–59	485	BMI 0.53 (0.16–0.90)	No
Goldacre et al [74]	Retrospective study	20–59	24,773	Coronary heart disease 0.95 (0.88–1.02); >20 years after vasectomy 0.98 (0.80–1.19)	No
Xiong et al [75]	Case-control study	≥40	261	TG 0.041 (−0.111–0.301); TCH 0.015 (−0.184 to 0.253); LDL −0.063 (−0.242 to 0.050); HDL −0.236 (−0.258 to 0.119)	No
Guo et al [76]	Systematic review	-	299,436	CVD 0.90 (0.81–1.00); myocardial infarction 0.95 (0.88–1.02); coronary heart disease 0.94 (0.88–1.01)	No

CI: confidence interval, CVD: cardiovascular disease, BMI: body mass index, TG: total triglycerides, TCH: total cholesterol, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, HDL: high-density lipoprotein.