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. 2021 Jun 21;9:685873. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.685873

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Copyright © 2021 Zhang, Yan, Liu, Chen, Li, Tang, Li, Duan and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Characterization of hAFSCs and hAFSC-exo. (A) IF staining of cell surface markers CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90, and CD105; scale bar = 100 μm. (B) Osteogenic (Alizarin Red S staining), chondrogenic (Alcian Blue staining), or adipogenic (Oil Red O staining) differentiation induction of hAFSCs; scale bar = 100 μm. (C) Schematic representation of exosome isolation. hAFSC-exo were isolated from hAFSC supernatant using high-speed centrifugation. (D) Morphological characteristics of hAFSC-exo were imaged using transmission electron microscopy (scale bar = 100 nm). (E) hAFSC-exo particle size was measured using NanoSight. (F) Protein expression of exosome markers of hAFSC-exo, including CD9, CD63, and TSG101, was detected using western blot analysis. hAFSC, human amniotic fluid stem cells; hAFSC-exo, human amniotic fluid stem cell-derived exosomes.