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. 2021 Jun 21;9:685873. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.685873

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Copyright © 2021 Zhang, Yan, Liu, Chen, Li, Tang, Li, Duan and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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hAFSC-exo inhibited TGF-β-induced myofibroblast formation in vitro. HDFs were cultured for 48 h with TGF-β1 (25 ng/ml) to induce myofibroblast differentiation. Some of the cells were also treated with hAFSC-exo (10 ng/ml). (A,B) IF staining of α-SMA, TGF-βR1, and TGF-βR2 in HDFs (scale bar = 100 μm). (C–E) qRT-PCR analysis of α-SMA, TGF-βR1, and TGF-βR2 in HDFs. (F) Western blot analysis of TGF-βR1, TGF-βR2, Smad2, p-Smad2, and α-SMA in HDFs. Mean ± SD; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; n = 3. HDFs, human dermal fibroblasts.