Table 3.
Soluble biomarkers of platelet activation in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients.
| Biomarker | Clinical phenotype | Acute/chronic phase | Results: ↑, ↓, = | Study group | Reference group | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sCD40L | ACS | Chronic | ↓ | ACS patients on aspirin, clopidogrel, and abciximab or eptifibatide (αIIbβ3 antagonists) | ACS patients on aspirin, clopidogrel, and no αIIbβ3 antagonists | (110) |
| ACS | Acute | ↑ | ACS patients on bivalirudin and provisional αIIbβ3 inhibition | ACS patients on UFH and mandatory αIIbβ3 inhibitors | (111) | |
| ACS | Chronic and acute | ↑ | ACS patients with “high” platelet aggregability on aspirin, clopidogrel, thienopyridine, ticlopidine, enoxaparin | ACS patients with “low” platelet aggregability on aspirin, clopidogrel, thienopyridine, ticlopidine, enoxaparin | (113) | |
| sGPVI | ACS | Acute | ↑ | ACS patients with high platelet count | ACS patients with low platelet count | (109) |
| sP-sel | AMI | Chronic | ↑ | AMI patients on antiplatelet therapy | HV | (114) |
| AMI | Chronic | ↑ | AMI patients on aspirin, ticagrelor, and heparin | Stable angina patients on antiplatelet therapy | (115) | |
| AMI | Chronic | ↑ | AMI patients on aspirin, ticagrelor, and heparin | Outpatients without history of coronary heart diseases on antiplatelet therapy | (115) | |
| AMI | Chronic | = | AMI patients after 3–6 months of recovery on aspirin | Acute MI patients on aspirin | (116) | |
| AMI | Acute | ↓ | AMI patients on dual therapy with ximelagatran and aspirin | AMI patients on aspirin only | (117) | |
| sCD40L | AMI | Acute | ↑ | AMI patients on aspirin and clopidogrel | HV | (118) |
| AMI | Acute and chronic | ↑ | AMI patients on aspirin | Stable CAD patients on aspirin | (119) | |
| AMI | Acute | = | AMI patients on aspirin and statins | AMI patients on aspirin only | (120) | |
| sCD40L | Post-MI in diabetes mellitus | Chronic | = | AMI patients with DM and non-DM on aspirin, abciximab, eptifibatide, and heparin | HV | (121) |
| AMI | Acute | ↓ | AMI patients with thrombectomy | AMI patients without thrombectomy | (122) | |
| sGPV | AMI | Acute | ↑ | AMI patients on aspirin, abciximab, and heparin | HV | (123) |
| AMI | Acute | ↑ | AMI patients with DM and non-DM on aspirin, abciximab, eptifibatide, and heparin | HV | (121) | |
| AMI | Acute | ↑ | AMI patients on aspirin, clopidogrel, abcixibam, eptifibatide, ticlopidine, and heparin | HV | (124) |
ACI, acute cerebral ischemia; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CAD, coronary artery disease; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HV, healthy volunteers; sCD40L, soluble CD40 ligand; SDF-1α, stromal cell-derived factor 1; sGP, soluble glycoprotein; sP-sel, soluble P-selectin; UFH, unfractioned heparin; DM, diabetes mellitus. ↑, Increased compared to healthy controls; ↓, Decreased compared to healthy controls; =, Unchanged compared to healthy controls.