Table 5.
Soluble biomarkers of platelet activation in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients.
| Biomarker | Clinical phenotype | Acute/chronic phase | Results: ↑, ↓, = | Study group | Control group | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sP-sel | AF | Chronic | ↑ | AF patients on no drugs | HV | (149, 150) |
| AF | Chronic | ↑ | AF patients on aspirin, clopidogrel, and warfarin | HV | (151–156) | |
| AF | Chronic | = | AF patients on aspirin and warfarin | HV | (70, 159, 161–167) | |
| AF | Chronic | = | AF patients on aspirin and warfarin | AF patients on warfarin only | (70) | |
| AF | Chronic | = | AF patients with vascular events on aspirin | AF patients without vascular events on aspirin | (162) | |
| AF | Chronic | = | AF patients with worse renal function | AF patients with better renal function | (168) | |
| AF | Chronic | = | AF patients with atrial thrombus on antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs | AF patients without atrial thrombus on antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs | (169) | |
| AF | Chronic | = | AF patients with hypertension on aspirin and warfarin | AF patients with normotension on aspirin and warfarin | (170) | |
| AF | Chronic | = | AF patients on apixaban | AF patients on rivaroxaban | (171) | |
| AF | Chronic | ↓ | AF patients on no drugs | HV | (172) | |
| sCD40L | AF | Chronic | ↑ | AF patients on aspirin, clopidogrel, and warfarin | HV | (154, 157, 158) |
| AF | Chronic | ↑ | AF patients with thrombotic events on warfarin | AF patients without thrombotic events on warfarin | (173) | |
| AF | Chronic | ↑ | AF patients with atrial thrombus on antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs | AF patients without atrial thrombus on antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs | (169) | |
| AF | Chronic | ↑ | AF patients with stroke and MI on aspirin and anticoagulants | AF patients without stroke and MI on aspirin and anticoagulants | (174) | |
| beta-tg | AF | Chronic | ↑ | AF patients on aspirin, clopidogrel, and warfarin | HV | (84, 151, 159, 160) |
| AF | Chronic | = | AF patients on no drugs | HV | (164) | |
| AF | Chronic | = | AF patients on no warfarin | HV | (172) | |
| AF | Chronic | = | AF patients on apixaban | AF patients on rivaroxaban | (171) | |
| sGPV | AF | Chronic | ↑ | AF patients on aspirin and warfarin | HV | (160) |
| sGPVI | AF | Chronic | ↓ | AF patients on apixaban or rivaroxaban | AF patients on warfarin | (175) |
| TSP-1 | AF | Chronic | = | AF patients on apixaban | AF patients on rivaroxaban | (171) |
AF, atrial fibrillation; beta-tg, β-thromboglobulin; HV, healthy volunteers; MI, myocardial infarction; sCD40L, soluble CD40 ligand; sGP, soluble glycoprotein; sP-sel, soluble P-selectin; TSP-1, Thrombospondin-1. ↑, Increased compared to healthy controls; ↓, Decreased compared to healthy controls; =, Unchanged compared to healthy controls.