Table 6.
Soluble biomarkers of platelet activation in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE).
| Biomarker | Clinical phenotype | Acute/chronic phase | Results: ↑, ↓, = | Study group | Control group | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sP-sel | DVT | Chronic | ↑ | DVT patients on anticoagulants | HV | (177–180) |
| PF4 | DVT | Chronic | ↑ | DVT patients on anticoagulants | HV | (177) |
| sP-sel | VTE | Acute | ↑ | Patients with cancer-associated VTE | HV, cancer patients without VTE | (23) |
| VTE | Chronic | ↑ | VTE patients with and without anticoagulant therapy | Subjects without VTE | (181) | |
| VTE | Acute | ↑ | VTE patients on no drugs with a recurrent event | VTE patients on no drugs without recurrent events | (182) | |
| sCD40L | VTE | Acute | = | Patients with cancer-associated VTE | HV, cancer patients without VTE | (23) |
| VTE | Chronic | = | VTE patients with and without anticoagulant therapy | Subjects without VTE | (181) | |
| PF4 | VTE | Acute | = | Patients with cancer-associated VTE | Cancer patients without VTE | (23) |
| TSP-1 | VTE | Acute | = | Cancer patients with and without VTE | HV | (23) |
| TxB2 | VTE | Acute | ↑ | VTE patients on aspirin, clopidogrel, vitamin K antagonists, heparin group, and direct FXa inhibitors | Subjects with excluded VTE on aspirin, clopidogrel, vitamin K antagonists, heparin group, and direct FXa inhibitors | (183) |
| sP-sel | Acute pulmonary embolism | Acute | ↑ | Acute pulmonary embolism patients on enoxaparin, heparin, and warfarin | HV | (184) |
DVT, deep vein thrombosis; HV, healthy volunteers; PF4, platelet factor 4; sCD40L, soluble CD40 ligand; sP-sel, soluble P-selectin; TSP-1, Thrombospondin-1; VTE, venous thromboembolism. ↑, Increased compared to healthy controls; ↓, Decreased compared to healthy controls; =, Unchanged compared to healthy controls.