Table 4.
Intervention studies on the effects of protein intake during weight loss on FFM
| Study | Proband characteristics | Protein intake | Energy restriction | Weight reduction | FFM change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Johnston et al. [27] | 21 subjects Male and female Age 20–75 years BMI 20–42 |
125 g/day 80 g/day |
−500 kcal/day from the TEE (calculated using a formula) 6 weeks | −2.3±2.9 kg (P) −2.0±1.8 kg (C) Group difference n.s. |
+ 1.5±3.8 kg (P) −0.5±1.5 kg (C) Group difference p = 0.008 |
| Verreijen et al. [13] | 88 subjects Male and female Age >55 years BMI >30 (men) or >28 (women) and waist circumference >88 cm (women) or >102 cm (men) |
1.11 g/kg BW/day 0.85 g/kg BW/day |
−600 kcal/day from the TEE (REE measured by indirect calorimetry + PAL measured using a 3-day movement diary) 13 weeks | −3.4±3.6 kg −2.8±2.8 kg Group difference n.s. |
Appendicular muscle mass + 0.4±1.2 kg (P) −0.5±2.1 kg (C) Group difference p = 0.03 Leg muscle mass +0.3±1.2 kg (P) −0.6±1.8 kg (C) Group difference p = 0.01 |
| Backx et al. [15] | 61 subjects Male and female Age 55–70 years BMI 27–40 and waist circumference >88 cm (women) or >102 cm (men) |
1.7 g/kg BW/day 0.9 g/kg BW/day |
−25% of the baseline energy intake calculated from a validated 177-item food frequency questionnaire 12 weeks | From 92.8±11.0 to 83.9±10.1 kg (P) From 90.5±10.0 to 81.5±9.7 kg (C) Group difference n.s. |
From 54.8±12.2 to 53.1±11.4 kg (P) From 54.5±9.3 to 52.4±9.1 kg (C) Group difference n.s. |
| Bales et al. [8] | 80 women Age ≥45 years BMI ≥3θ |
1.2 g/kg BW/day 0.8 g/kg BW/day |
−500 kcal/day from the TEE (calculated using a formula) 6 months | −6.2±5.9 kg (P) −6.4±4.9 kg (C) Group difference n.s. |
−0.6±1.1 kg (P) −1.0±1.1 kg (C) Group difference n.s. |
| Porter Starr et al. [7] | 67 subjects Male and female Age >60 years BMI ≥30 |
1.2 g/kg BW/day 0.8 g/kg BW/day |
−500 kcal/day 6 months |
−8.7±7.4 kg (P) −7.5±6.2 kg (C) Group difference n.s. |
−1.1±1.5 kg (P) −1.8±2.9 kg (C) Group difference n.s. |
| Layman et al. [25] | 130 subjects Male and female Age 40–56 years BMI >27 |
1.6 g/kg BW/day 0.8 g/kg BW/day |
−500 kcal/day 4-month weight reduction 8 months with a stable weight |
After 4 months: −8.2±0.5 kg (P) −7.0±0.5 kg (C) Group difference n.s. |
−2.6±0.2 kg (P) −2.4±0.2 kg (C) Group difference n.s. |
| Flechtner-Mors et al. [26] | 110 subjects Male and female Age 25–70 years BMI 27–45 |
1.34 g/kg BW/day 0.8 g/kg BW/day |
−500 kcal from the REE (formula) 3-month weight reduction 9 months with a stable weight | After 3 months: −7.4±4.6 kg (P) −4.8±4.0 kg (C) Group difference p < 0.01 |
After 3 months −2.8±3.6 kg (P) −3.2±2.7 kg (C) Group difference n.s. |
TEE, total energy expenditure; n.s., nonsignifcant; EN%, percentage of energy; P, protein group; C, control group; BW, body weight.