Table 6.
Intervention studies on the effects of protein intake during weight loss on PF
| Study | Proband characteristics | Protein intake | Energy restriction | Weight reduction, kg | PF change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Porter Starr et al. [7] | 67 subjects Male and female Age >60 years BMI ≥30 |
1.2 g/kg BW/day 0.8 g/kg BW/day |
−500 kcal/day 6 months |
−8.7±7.4 (P) −7.5±6.2 (C) Group difference n.s. |
SPPB: +2.4±1.7 (P) +0.9±1.7 (C) p = 0.02 group difference Hand grip strength was unchanged in both groups |
| Wycherley et al. [43] | 43 men Age 20–45 years BMI 27–39.9 |
35% (1.3 g/kg BW/day) 17% (0.8 g/kg BW/day) |
−7,000 kJ/day 12 weeks |
−10.7±5.3 (P) −8.7±3.5 (C) Group difference n.s. |
Hand grip strength: −1.9±4.2 kg (P) −1.4±4.1 kg (C) Group differences n.s. Isometric knee strength: +16.8 ± 35.2 (P) + 11.5 ± 36.8 (C) Group difference n.s. |
| Verreijen et al. [13] | 88 probands Male and female Age >55 years BMI >30 (men) or >28 (women) and waist circumference >88 cm (women) or >102 cm (men) |
1.11 g/kg BW/day 0.85 g/kg BW/day |
−600 kcal/day from TEE (REE measured by indirect calorimetry + PAL measured by a 3-day movement diary) 13 weeks |
−3.4±3.6 −2.8±2.8 Group difference n.s. |
Hand grip strength: +2.0 ± 4.6 kg (P) +2.2 ± 4.1 kg (C) Group difference n.s. 4-m walking speed: +0.11±0.25 m/s (P) +1.04±0.22 m/s (C) Group difference n.s. 400-m walking speed: +0.04±0.1 m/s (P) +0.05±0.11 m/s (C) Group difference n.s. Chair rising test: −2.4±4.0 s (P) −1.4±3.1 s (C) Group difference n.s. |
| Backx et al. [15] | 61 subjects Male and female Age 55–70 years BMI 27–40 and waist circumference >88 cm (women) or >102 cm (men) |
1.7 g/kg BW/day 0.9 g/kg BW/day |
−25% from the baseline energy intake calculated from a validated 177-item food frequency questionnaire 12 weeks | From 92.8±11.0 to 83.9±10.1 (P) From 90.5±10.0 to 81.5±9.7 (C) Group difference n.s. |
Hand grip strength: −3±6 kg (P) −1±5 kg (C) Group difference n.s. SPPB score: +0.1±0.7 (P) +0.1±0.7 (C) Group difference n.s. 400-m walking speed: +0.05±0.09 m/s (P) +0.02±0.08 m/s (C) Group difference n.s. Leg press: −9±14 kg (P) −9±13 kg (C) Group difference n.s. |
| Beavers et al. [39] | 69 subjects Male and female Age 65–79 years BMI 30–40 |
1.2 g/kg BW/day (weight loss) 0.8 g/kg BW/day (weight stable) |
−500 kcal/day Weight loss group Stable-weight group |
−6.6±0.4 (weight loss) −0.2±0.5 (stable weight) |
Gait speed: +0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04) m/s (weight loss) −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.01) m/s (weight stable) Group difference n.s. |
| Verreijen et al. [16] | 100 subjects Male and female Age 55–80 years BMI ≥28 (men) or >25 (women) and waist circumference >88 cm (women) or >102 cm (men) |
1.3 g/kg BW/day 0.8 g/kg BW/day |
−600 kcal/day from TEE (REE measured by indirect calorimetry + PAL measured by a 3-day movement diary) 10 weeks |
−2.1±3.6 (P) −1.7±1.8 (C) −2.6±2.9 (exercise) −2.0±2.2 (exercise + P) |
Hand grip strength: −1.7±6.5 kg (P) +1.8±6.6 kg (C) −1.8±11.6 kg (exercise) −2.0±6.0 kg (exercise + P) Protein × exercise interaction p = 0.03 4-m walking speed: +0.08±0.26 m/s (P) +0.13±0.24 m/s (C) +0.08±0.13 m/s (exercise) +0.20±0.24 m/s (exercise + P) Protein × exercise interaction p = 0.045 400-m walking speed: +0.07±0.1 m/s (P) +0.04±0.15 m/s (C) +0.07±0.07 m/s (exercise) +0.08±0.15 m/s (exercise + P) Group differences n.s. Chair rising test: −1.6±1.7 s (P) −1.6±2.1 s (C) −1.0±2.7 s (exercise) −1.4±2.7 s (exercise + P) Group differences n.s. |
EE, total energy expenditure; n.s., nonsignificant; EN%, percentage of energy; P, protein group, C, control group; BW, body weight.