Fig. 3.

The angiogenic mechanisms inducing glomerulations. In IC/BPS bladders, overexpression of angiogenic factors such as VEGF and PD-ECGF includes neovascularization with increases in weak microvessels, leading to rupture of microvessels during bladder distention, seen as glomerulations during cystoscopy (Reproduced from Ueda T, et al. J Urol 2002;167:347-51 [32]). IC, interstitial cystitis; BPS, bladder pain syndrome; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; PD-ECGF, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor.